Understanding the Challenges of Glaucon and Adeimantus in Plato’s Republic Essay Essay Example

Understanding the Challenges of Glaucon and Adeimantus in Plato’s Republic Essay Paper A significantly big facet of Plato’s duologue entitled Republic is the treatment of the construct of justness. On a preliminary note. the significance of such a construct makes itself manifest in our deepest inquiries refering the many facets of the political order and political life. In the Republic. Socrates’ middlemans Glaucon and Adeimantus. dispute the position that it is ever more preferred for an person to be merely than unfair. At this early portion of the paper. it is an imperative to explicate in farther item what Glaucon and Adeimantus’ challenge demand from Socrates. Glaucon and Adeimantus. following the position presented by Thrasymachus. demand an account from Socrates whether one is better off forbearing from unfairness even if one has the power to get away sensing or being caught. Socrates’ answer at the terminal of Book IV is clear ; that it is ever better for one to hold a merely psyche than an unfair psyche. This paper seeks to explain in full item. the challenge ( or problematic ) put forth by Glaucon and Adeimantus. Socrates’ answer. and more significantly. the grounds as to why Socrates was able to get at his decision. The cardinal inquiry of the Republic is. â€Å"What is justness? We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Challenges of Glaucon and Adeimantus in Plato’s Republic Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Challenges of Glaucon and Adeimantus in Plato’s Republic Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Challenges of Glaucon and Adeimantus in Plato’s Republic Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer † and by such a inquiry. what Socrates ( or Plato ) seeks to get at is the Being or kernel of justness ; that is. what justness truly is. Such being the instance. the duologue itself is non intended as a mere practical enquiry about justness in the context of the Athenian political order and Athenian political life but more significantly. a sustained theoretical enquiry about the construct ( or definition ) of justness. It is for this ground that in Book I of the Republic. Socrates did non see his triumph over Thrasymachus as something which can be considered as a advancement in their treatment of justness. In summing up what happened in their full conversation. Socrates said the followers: Before happening the first thing we inquired about- viz. . what justness is- I let that travel. and turned to look into whether it is a sort of frailty and ignorance or a sort of wisdom and virtuousness. Then an statement came up about unfairness being more profitable than justice†¦ Hence the consequence of the discussion†¦ is that I know nil. For when I do non cognize what justness is. I will barely cognize whether it is a sort of virtuousness or non. or whether a individual who has it is happy or unhappy. ( Plato I 35 ) From a logical point of position. Socrates is right in the sense that prior to set uping whether or non justness is a virtuousness and whether or non a individual who has it is happy. it must foremost be established what justness is. In this existence of discourse. it is besides every bit of import to see that the statement of the Republic is basically. a moral one which centers on the very nature of justness in its absolute sense. As a reaction against the position of the Sophists. Socrates efforts to demo that justness is non unreal or illusory. The contradictory place to that of Socrates’ is presented by Glaucon in Book II of the Republic by recasting the statement before presented by Thrasymachus that â€Å"the life of the unfair individual is. they say. much better than that of the merely one† ( Plato II 37 ) . In Book II. Glaucon presents the position that human existences are of course egoistic ; each looking after himself and his ain opportunisms. Sing this peculiar position. Glaucon explicates in item: Peoples say. you see. that to make unfairness is of course good and to endure injustice bad. But the badness of enduring it far exceeds the goodness of making it. Hence. those who have done and suffered unfairness and who have tasted both- the 1s who lack the power to make it and avoid enduring it- decide that it is profitable to come to an understanding with each other neither to make injustice non to endure it. ( Plato II 37 ) As a effect of the aforesaid transition. Glaucon claims that human existences â€Å"begin to do Torahs and compacts ; and what the jurisprudence commands. they call lawful and just† ( Plato II 37 ) . An of import point that should be considered in the first horn of Glaucon’s statement is that in Glaucon’s words. we are able to happen an look of the position that moral duties have their beginning. in whole or in portion. from contract or an understanding. Such being the instance. it can credibly be maintained that. in every bit far as the challenge presented by Glaucon to Socrates is concerned. if the challenge itself is a moral one. so it is inevitable that the full discourse on justness besides be of the same nature ( that is. moral ) . In a really existent sense. one may deduce that in Glaucon’s position. the nature and the beginning of justness is simply based upon human infirmity ; that is. human beings’ incapacity â€Å"to do injustice without paying the penalty† and â€Å"to suffer it without being able to take revenge† ( Plato II 37 ) . It is of import to observe that the acknowledgment ( or credence ) of Glaucon’s premiss ( that is. that the nature and the beginning of unfairness is simply based upon human infirmity ) is important if we are to understand the 2nd horn of Glaucon’s statement ; that is. as to why people who pattern justness â€Å"practice it unwillingly† ( Plato II 38 ) . If it is right to state that people who pattern justness pattern it unwillingly. so the obvious job. on the portion of his middleman. that is. Socrates. would be as to how it can be cogently explained why justness is regarded as a virtuousness. and the merely individual is regarded as virtuous. This is a legitimate job because if a individual commits Acts of the Apostless which are merely merely because he can non â€Å"do unfairness without paying the punishment. † so his actions do non hold moral worth. The concluding behind this is simple: it is merely Acts of the Apostless which are free which can be applaudable or blamable. moral or immoral. Finally. Glaucon’s statement points out the inutility of justness if kept in private. Glaucon states the followers: This. some would state. is strong grounds that no 1 is merely volitionally. but merely when compelled. No 1 believes justness to be a good thing when it is unbroken private. since whenever either individual thinks he can make injustice with impunity. he does it. Indeed. all work forces believe that unfairness is far more profitable to themselves than is justness. ( Plato II 39 ) If Glaucon’s history of the nature and beginning of justness is right. so the aforesaid job must be addressed. It is of import to observe that Glaucon’s statement is mostly built upon the construct of human nature in the negative sense ; that is. the position that human existences are of course egoistic ; each looking after himself and his ain opportunisms. Adeimantus provides a retort for Glaucon’s statement. Whereas. Glaucon’s statement focuses on the statements for the high quality of unfairness over justness. Adeimantus’ statement focuses on the statements â€Å"that praise justness and disparage injustice† ( Plato II 41 ) . Adeimantus’ part to the treatment of justness and unfairness is the puting down of the â€Å"praise and fault given to each† ( Plato II 42 ) . By making so. Adeimantus believes that Socrates will be able to understand the Glaucon’s statement in its comprehensiveness and complexness. Adeimantus provides a elaborate explication of what people. particularly their sires. priests and poets say about justness and unfairness. At this point. Adeimantus’ words sum to what may be called societal unfavorable judgment. Adeimantus said the followers: As you know. when male parents speak to their boies to give them advice. they say that one must be merely. as do all those who have others in their charge. But they do non praise justness itself. merely the good repute it brings. ( Plato II 41 ) . The foregoing transition points out two things. First. what most people praise or blame is non justice itself but the repute that it brings. Second. most people’s blessing or disapproval of just/unjust Acts of the Apostless so are simply grounded upon the effects of such Acts of the Apostless and non because of the rightness or inappropriateness of the Acts of the Apostless themselves. Adeimantus offers another unfavorable judgment on the Gods and virtuousness in relation to the unfair individual. He said the followers: Begging priests and Prophetss to travel to the doors of rich people and carry them that. through forfeits and conjurations. they have acquired a god-given power: if the rich individual or any of his ascendants has committed an unfairness. they can repair it with pleasant rites. And if he wishes to wound an enemy. he will be able to harm a merely one or an unfair one alike at small cost. since by agencies of enchantments and captivations they can carry the Gods to make their command. ( Plato II 42 ) It is of import to observe that Glaucon and Adeimantus’ statements complement each other ; and together challenges Socrates to support his position that justness is preferred than unfairness without adverting simply the effects of being merely or unfair but what justness and unfairness is. in their ain right. Adeimantus sums this challenge to Socrates in the undermentioned: But I†¦ want to hear the antonym from you†¦ So do non simply show to us by statement that justness is stronger than unfairness. but tell us what each one itself does. because of itself. to person who possess it. that makes the one bad and the other good. ( Plato II 45 ) The predating treatment farther strengthens the claim that was before presented ; that the statement of the Republic is basically. a moral one ; since the challenge put away by Glaucon and Adeimantus in Book II is besides. by its really nature. moral. Now that we are able to show Glaucon and Adeimantus’ challenge to Socrates in full item. our following undertaking is to put down the statements presented by Socrates in his defence of justness. Although it is Socrates who does the speaking in the Republic. it can be argued that at some point in the duologues such as this 1. Socrates simply served as a mouthpiece of Plato. This is to state in that the Republic. Plato departs from Socrates and conducts his ain philosophizing. In reading Plato. one may deduce that his political theory is really closely connected with his moral doctrine. The challenge put away by Glaucon and Adeimantus received a really drawn-out treatment by Socrates in his usual method of oppugning. In response to the challenge of specifying justness itself. Socrates likens the province to the psyche of an person. This is to state that the province serves as the universe of the person and the person. the microcosm of the province. For the most portion. this is the chief analogy within which Socrates’ ( or Plato’s ) response to Glaucon and Adeimantus consists in. Elaborating on this analogy farther. in every bit much as the province is composed of different categories. the single psyche excessively. is composed of different parts ( or elements ) . Such being the instance. the key to understanding the construct of justness is to be found in analysing the very nature of the province because â€Å"there is justness that belongs to a individual adult male and besides one that belongs to a whole city† ( Plato II 46 ) . In the duologue. Socrates provides a differentiation between â€Å"war† and â€Å"faction† ( Plato V 162 ) . The former. harmonizing to Socrates. refers to ill will towards aliens whereas the latter refers to ill will towards one’s ain. Such a differentiation is helpful if we are to get at a Fuller apprehension of the underlying thought behind the analogy between the justness in an person and justness in the province. Socrates said the following to Glaucon: Now. notice that whenever something of the kind that is presently called cabal occurs and a metropolis is divided. if each side devastates the land and burns the houses of the other. the cabal is thought detestable and neither party is thought to love the metropolis. ( Plato V 163 ) The underlying thought in the analogy is that if a metropolis has bing cabals. so that metropolis is divided and it will non be able to work good. In this context. justness is considered as a general virtuousness. This is to state that all parts are carry throughing their typical maps and in the procedure. are besides accomplishing their several virtuousnesss. Therefore. justness in the province can merely be attained if the three categories in society fulfill their maps. In the same vena. for an person to map good and flourish. it is imperative that the there exists a harmoniousness among the elements of the psyche of the person. In the concluding analysis. Glaucon and Adeimantus’ challenge to Socrates ( or Plato’s ) incited a drawn-out treatment of the nature of justness ( and unfairness ) . In his defence of justness. Socrates makes usage of the analogy between the psyche of the person and the categories of the metropolis ( or province ) . In both instances. Socrates points out two of import things via the analogy. First. in the context of the metropolis. justness is making one’s typical map in the metropolis. Second. unfairness occurs when a portion of the whole is non carry throughing its typical map. In the same vena. the same line of logical thinking may be applied to the psyche of the person. Socrates asked the followers: What about an appetency that goes beyond these and seeks other kinds of nutrients ; that. if it is restrained from childhood and educated. most people can acquire rid of ; and that is harmful to the organic structure and harmful to the soul’s capacity for wisdom and moderation? ( Plato VIII 256 ) The point is clear. Against Glaucon and Adeimantus. what is superb in Socrates’ analogy is that through it. he was able to indicate out that justness is more superior ( and preferable ) than unfairness because. if we are to follow the analogy. without justness. a metropolis will non be able to work. If. for illustration. the armed forces will go from its typical map and seek get wealth like merchandisers or govern a metropolis. unfairness occurs. The same is true if a merchandiser will seek to go the swayer of a metropolis. In the context of the individual’s psyche. if the appetitive component is more dominant than the rational component. so that person will non be able to work good or boom. Justice so. in both the person and the metropolis ( or province ) is the harmoniousness among elements: moderation. bravery and wisdom. Plants Cited Plato. â€Å"Republic. † Republic. Ed. C. D. C. Reeve. Neptunium: Hackett Publishing. 2004.

Van Der Waals Forces Definition

Van Der Waals Forces Definition Van der Waals Forces are the weak forces which contribute to intermolecular bonding  between molecules. Molecules inherently possess energy and their electrons are always in motion, so transient concentrations of electrons in one region or another lead electrically positive regions of a molecule to be attracted to the electrons of another molecule. Similarly, negatively-charged regions of one molecule are repulsed by negatively-charged regions of another molecule. Van der Waals forces are the sum of the attractive and repulsive electrical forces between atoms and molecules. These forces differ from covalent and ionic chemical bonding because they result from fluctuations in charge density of particles. Examples of van der Waals forces include hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole interactions. Key Takeaways: Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are distance-dependent forces between atoms and molecule not associated with covalent or ionic chemical bonds.Sometimes the term is used to encompass all intermolecular forces, although some scientists only include London dispersion force, Debye force, and Keeson force.Van der Waals forces are the weakest of the chemical forces, but they still play an important role in the properties of molecules and in surface science. Properties of Van der Waals Forces Certain characteristics are displayed by van der Waals forces: The forces are additive.The forces are weaker than either ionic or covalent chemical bonds.They are not directional.The forces act only over a very short range. The interaction is greater when molecules draw closer.Van der Waals forces are independent of temperature, with the exception of dipole-dipole interactions. Components of Van der Waals Forces Van der Waals forces are the weakest intermolecular forces. Their strength typically ranges from 0.4 to 4 kJ/mol and act over distances less than 0.6 nm. When the distance is less than 0.4 nm, the net effect of the forces is repulsive as electron clouds repel each other. There are four major contributions to van der Waals forces: There is a negative component that prevents molecules from collapsing. This is due to the Pauli exclusion principle.Either an attractive or repulsive electrostatic interaction occurs between permanent charges, dipoles, quadrupoles, and multipoles. This interaction is called Keesom interaction or Keesom force, named for Willem Hendrik Keesom.Induction or polarization occurs. This is an attractive force between a permanent polarity on one molecule and an induced polarity on another. This interaction is called the Debye force for Peter J.W. Debye.London dispersion force is the attraction between any pair of molecules due to instantaneous polarization. The force is named after Fritz London. Note even nonpolar molecules experience London dispersion. Van der Waals Forces, Geckos, and Arthropods Geckos, insects, and some spiders have setae on their foot pads that allow them to climb extremely smooth surfaces, such as glass. In fact, a gecko can even hang from a single toe! Scientists have proposed numerous explanations for the phenomena, but it turns out the primary cause of the adhesion is the electrostatic force more than van der Waals forces or capillary action. Researchers have produced dry glue and adhesive tape based on analysis of gecko and spider feet. The stickiness results both from tiny velcro-like hair and also the addition of lipids, which are found on gecko feet. Gecko feet are sticky because of van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, and lipids found on their skin. StephanHoerold / Getty Images Real-Life Spiderman In 2014, DARPA tested its Geckskin, a material based on the setae of gecko footpads. A 100-kg researcher, carrying an additional 20 kg of gear, scaled an 8 m (26 ft) glass wall using two climbing paddles. The goal is to give military personnel Spiderman-like abilities. Scientists have found a way to use van der Waals forces to help people cling to smooth surfaces, such as glass and walls. OrangeDukeProductions / Getty Images Sources Autumn, Kellar; Sitti, Metin; Liang, Yiching A.; Peattie, Anne M.; Hansen, Wendy R.; Sponberg, Simon; Kenny, Thomas W.; Fearing, Ronald; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Full, Robert J. (2002). Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (19): 12252–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.192252799Dzyaloshinskii, I. D.; Lifshitz, E. M.; Pitaevskii, L. P. (1961). General theory of van der Waals forces. Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 4 (2): 153. doi:10.1070/PU1961v004n02ABEH003330Israelachvili, J. (1985–2004). Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375181-2.Parsegian, V. A. (2006). van der Waals Forces: A Handbook for Biologists, Chemists, Engineers, and Physicists. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83906-8.Wolff, J. O.; Gorb, S. N. (18 May 2011). The influence of humidity on the attachment ability of the spider Philodromus dispar (Araneae, Philodromidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 139–143. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0505

Yemen Nation Profile - Geography, Climate, and History

Yemen Nation Profile - Geography, Climate, and History The ancient nation of Yemen lies at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen has one of the oldest civilizations on Earth, with ties to the Semitic lands to its north, and to the cultures of the Horn of Africa, just across the Red Sea. According to legend, the Biblical Queen of Sheba, consort of King Solomon, was Yemeni. Yemen has been colonized at various times by other Arabs, Ethiopians, Persians, Ottoman Turks, and most recently, the British. Through 1989, North and South Yemen were separate nations. Today, however, they are united into the Republic of Yemen - Arabias only democratic republic. Capital and Major Cities of Yemen Capital: Sanaa, population 2.4 million Major Cities: Taizz, population 600,000 Al Hudaydah, 550,000 Aden, 510,000 Ibb, 225,000 Yemeni Government Yemen is the only republic on the Arabian Peninsula; its neighbors are kingdoms or emirates. The Yemeni executive branch consists of a president, a prime minister and a cabinet. The president is directly elected; he appoints the prime minister, with legislative approval. Yemen has a two-part legislature, with a 301-seat lower house, the House of Representatives, and a 111-seat upper house  called the Shura Council. Prior to 1990, North and South Yemen had separate legal codes. The highest court is the Supreme Court in Sanaa. The current President (since 1990) is Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ali Muhammad Mujawar is Prime Minister. Population of Yemen Yemen is home to 23,833,000 people (2011 estimate). The overwhelming majority are ethnic Arabs, but 35% have some African blood as well. There are small minorities of Somalis, Ethiopians, Roma (Gypsies) and Europeans, as well as South Asians. Yemen has the highest birthrate in Arabia, at about 4.45 children per woman. This is probably attributable to early marriages (the marriageable age for girls under Yemeni law is 9), and lack of education for women. The literacy rate among women is only 30%, while 70% of men can read and write. Infant mortality is almost 60 per 1,000 live births. Languages of Yemen Yemens national language is standard Arabic, but there are several different regional dialects in common use. Southern variants of Arabic spoken in Yemen include Mehri, with about 70,000 speakers; Soqotri, spoken by 43,000 island residents; and Bathari, which has only about 200 surviving speakers in Yemen. In addition to the Arabic languages, some Yemeni tribes still speak other ancient Semitic languages closely related to the Ethiopian Amharic and Tigrinya languages. These languages are a remnant of the Sabean Empire (9th century BCE to 1st century BCE) and the Axumite Empire (4th century BCE to 1st century CE). Religion in Yemen The Constitution of Yemen states that Islam is the official state religion of the country, but it also guarantees freedom of religion. The majority by far of Yemenis are Muslim, with some 42-45% Zaydi Shias, and about 52-55% Shafi Sunnis. A tiny minority, some 3,000 people, are Ismaili Muslims. Yemen is also home to an indigenous population of Jews, now numbering only about 500. In the mid-20th century, thousands of Yemenite Jews moved to the new state of Israel. A handful each of Christians and Hindus also live in Yemen, although most are foreign ex-patriots or refugees. Geography of Yemen:Yemen has an area of 527,970 square kilometers, or 203,796 square miles, at the tip of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Saudi Arabia to the north, Oman to the east, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Eastern, central and northern Yemen are desert areas, part of the Arabian Desert and Rub al Khali (Empty Quarter). Western Yemen is rugged and mountainous. The coast is fringed with sandy lowlands. Yemen also possesses a number of islands, many of which are actively volcanic. The highest point is the Jabal an Nabi Shuayb, at 3,760 m, or 12,336 feet. The lowest point is sea level. Climate of Yemen Despite its relatively small size, Yemen includes several different climate zones due to its coastal location and variety of elevations. Yearly average rainfall ranges from essentially none in the inland desert to 20-30 inches in the southern mountains. Temperatures also range widely. Winter lows in the mountains can approach freezing, while summer in the tropical western coastal areas can see temperatures as high as 129 ° F (54 °C). To make matters worse, the coast is also humid. Yemen has little arable land; only roughly 3% is suitable for crops. Less than 0.3% is under permanent crops. Yemen's Economy Yemen is the poorest nation in Arabia. As of 2003, 45% of the population was living below the poverty line. In part, this poverty stems from gender inequality; 30% of teenage girls between 15 and 19 are married with children, and most are undereducated. Another key is unemployment, which stands at 35%. The per capita GDP is only about $600 (2006 World Bank estimate). Yemen imports food, livestock, and machinery. It exports crude oil, qat, coffee, and seafood. The current spike in oil prices may help alleviate Yemens economic distress. The currency is the Yemeni rial. The exchange rate is $1 US 199.3 rials (July 2008). History of Yemen Ancient Yemen was a prosperous place; the Romans called it Arabia Felix, Happy Arabia. Yemens wealth was based on its trade in frankincense, myrrh, and spices. Many sought to control this rich land over the years. The earliest known rulers were the descendants of Qahtan (Joktan from the Bible and Koran). The Qahtanis (23rd c. to 8th c. BCE) established the crucial trade routes and built dams to control flash-flooding. The late Qahtani period also witnessed the emergence of written Arabic, and the reign of the legendary Queen Bilqis, sometimes identified as the Queen of Sheba, in the 9th c. BCE. The height of ancient Yemeni power and wealth came between the 8th c. BCE and 275 CE, when a number of small kingdoms coexisted within the countrys modern borders. These included the following: the western Kingdom of Saba, the southeastern Hadramaut Kingdom, the city-state of Awsan,  the central trading hub of Qataban, the southwestern Kingdom of Himyar, and the northwestern Kingdom of Main. All of these kingdoms grew prosperous selling spices and incense all around the Mediterranean, to Abyssinia, and as far away as India. They also regularly launched wars against one another. This squabbling left Yemen vulnerable to manipulation and occupation by a foreign power: Ethiopias Aksumite Empire. Christian Aksum ruled Yemen from 520 to 570 A.D. Aksum was then pushed out by the Sassanids from Persia. Sassanid rule of Yemen lasted from 570 to 630 CE. In 628, the Persian satrap of Yemen, Badhan, converted to Islam. The Prophet Muhammad was still living when Yemen converted and became an Islamic province. Yemen followed the Four Rightly-guided Caliphs, the Umayyads, and the Abbasids. In the 9th century, many Yemenis accepted the teachings of Zayd ibn Ali, who founded a splinter Shia group. Others became Sunni, particularly in south and west Yemen. Yemen became known in the 14th century for a new crop, coffee. Yemeni Coffee arabica was exported all over the Mediterranean world. The Ottoman Turks ruled Yemen from 1538 to 1635  and returned to North Yemen between 1872 and 1918. Meanwhile, Britain ruled South Yemen as a protectorate from 1832 on. In the modern era, North Yemen was ruled by local kings until 1962, when a coup established the Yemen Arab Republic. Britain finally pulled out of South Yemen after a bloody struggle in 1967, and the Marxist Peoples Republic of South Yemen was founded. In May of 1990, Yemen reunified after relatively little strife.

Freedom of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Freedom of Religion - Essay Example Freedom of Religion changed drastic over the years in the Colonies. Before the European came to America they obtained their own religion, but with the coming of the new pioneers and pilgrims a lot changed. In the period of the Religious wars in Europe many went to the new land to seek their religious freedom in America. From 1607 till now many came to build new settlements. Not to build the new perfect church as had happened in the UK (Church of England) but to establish to worship freely. For the Native there was a lot to achieved from this. Since the Spanish and French they where confronted with the force upon them to be baptized as Catholic. Therefor many events happened over the centuries to regain the religious freedom as we know it today. We can find them in the following headings: 1. Native Americans and the European religions; 2. Pilgrims arrive in the Colonies of America; 3. Bill of Rights, the freedom of religion in the First Amendment; 4. Freedom of religion today; ... If you can reconsider the facts it is not short from Genocide. They suffered hard under the strict religious regimes. Tribes where separated, they had no skills to write down their own history and white men to advantage of it. The history written by the white men most of the times makes it difficult to obtain information the religions of the Native Americans. Many of the knowledge is lost. Ruvolo (2008) mentions in his article the Iroquois as one Nation that had A highly intelligent culture, well organized that where living as well in the South Colonies as the North Colonies. Ruvolo (2008) calls them as surpassed in greatness only by the advanced civilizations as the Mayas, Aztecs and the Incas. There religion was based on the High Spirit and evil was not denied. Their rituals contained worship services which occurred in according seasonal periods over the year. The religion saved them from being wiped out because of the similarities. It is a rare sample. 14089 4 Pilgrims arrive in the Colonies of America After the Spanish, the English and the French the first settlers arrived around 1620. A journey taken by the pilgrims in a search for the perfect religion that could indeed satisfy the need of the people. In Europe wars drove the believers other then Catholic to the New World. While Marten Luther had translated the Bible, the Catholic where totally against the knowledge obtained from the translation. Europe tore apart when people could read for themselves. The article of Students from the University of North Carolina (2001) takes us to the first settlers, the Quakers and the Puritans who started the first thirteen Colonies based on their religious beliefs. They wanted to escape persecution yet some of it already

Marketing and Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing and Marketing Communications - Essay Example Raising visibility requires the same press release appearing in all credible newspapers, the same commercial over all television channels, the same radio jingle over all radio channels, similar hoardings in all important shopping malls etc. Credibility calls for faultless service to the customer. It requires adherence to quality and reliability. Recently Honda Motor Company, Japan's second largest auto maker, recalled 298,231 cars in Japan to repair a fault in the fuel pump relay that could have stopped the engine. In the recent past Microsoft launched its Windows Vista operating software amidst much fanfare and media glare, which raised the level of visibility for the product. Part-II (Three questions to be answered out of six) Ans-2: Internal and External factors influencing Pricing decisions Pricing is a very crucial aspect for managing the business. While carrying out the pricing decisions, a company has to take a comprehensive look at all its internal factors as well as the prevailing market scenario, economic policies and legal framework for the market and the product. Most of the companies begin pricing deliberations based on their own internal cost structures. Internal factors affecting the pricing decisions are basically the profit and cost factors. How the company arrives at the total cost of the product and how much profit is expected from the product makes. In general costs are divided in two components fixed costs and variables costs. Costs of labor, material, energy, supervision, R&D contribution, marketing, administrative, transportation, taxes, channel costs, factory overhead etc. are some of the internal cost components which form part of the pricing decision. On the other hand external factors affecting...While carrying out the pricing decisions, a company has to take a comprehensive look at all its internal factors as well as the prevailing market scenario, economic policies and legal framework for the market and the product. Most of the companies begin pricing deliberations based on their own internal cost structures. Internal factors affecting the pricing decisions are basically the profit and cost factors. How the company arrives at the total cost of the product and how much profit is expected from the product makes. In general costs are divided in two components fixed costs and variables costs. Costs of labor, material, energy, supervision, R&D contribution, marketing, administrative, transportation, taxes, channel costs, factory overhead etc. are some of the internal cost components which form part of the pricing decision. On the other hand external factors affecting pricing decisions include the existing pricing strategy resorted to by the competitors/ alternative products, market profile, customer's buying power, geographical conditions, economic policies prevailing in the country/ market, legal provisions for carrying out business in the market, acceptability of the product in the market, number of competitors and their profit margins etc. Tender Pricing: This type of pricing is based on actual costs of different sub tasks in producing the product.

The Innocence Commission Essay Example for Free

The Innocence Commission Essay Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Criminal justice in most of the judicial bodies should be based on truth and fairness in order to give a rightful conviction. Effectiveness of criminal justice is portrayed by their ability to identify offender after thorough investigations are carried out so that one can be sure that the person being accused of offence is truly guilty. Fairness is reached when there is enough evidence given at all points, there is legal representation of prongs in criminal justice which are undermined by wrongful conviction. Wrongful conviction makes one to face torture or punishment for the mistake that he or she did not commit and the one who has actually committed crime finally goes free. Causes of wrongful conviction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are quite a number of issues which cause wrongful conviction to individuals who are innocent. Wrongful conviction results to someone being arrested for crime which he or she has not committed. Wrongful conviction can be caused by:- Government mis-conduct Junk science False confession Government mis-conduct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wrongful conviction can be facilitated by misconducts by the government. This is evidenced when police use their powers excessively to deal with a crime which they are not fully aware of its cause. In this case individuals are convicted for their honest mistake that they make. They are usually convicted and no evidence is used to show that they have committed that mistake. In other cases weak evidence are portrayed but they do not show or indicate that, that particular person has committed that crime. Corruption in police force and in various judicial bodies has lead to wrongful conviction of individuals who have not committed crime. In most cases the accused can be judged wrongfully when the accuser give bribe to the police or judge who in return does no listen or take evidence from the accused and therefore he or she ends up being confirmed guilty of the mistake which he or she did not commit.   Mistaken identity can be another factor that can facilitate government mis-conduct. This happens when police do not take time to get enough details of the person that they are supposed to arrest and therefore they end up arresting someone similar to the one who committed the crime (DPIC. 2008). In other cases, people can bear the same name and when police are investigating on the crime, they do not take time to know the exact person they are supposed to arrest. In resent days, government mis-conduct has remained as one of the major cause wrongful conviction in most individuals who fails victims of wrongful conviction. Junk science   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In confirming an individual who has committed crime, various scientific studies can be carried out by trained experts. These studies help to reveal the identity of the one who committed crime. When the evidence of identifying the person is mis-handled or unqualified individuals are used to carry out the research, wrongful conviction can occur since the pure identity of the one committed crime is not revealed and this can else show identity of another individual. Evidence is usually collected at the scene of crime and when its not handled accurately it can be mis-handled or labeling exchanged which end up giving false results in regard to crime. The task should be carried out by experienced individual who are fully trained so that reliable results in regard to the one who committed crime are produced. This however, can be possible by ensuring that there is quality control and assurance when conducting the laboratory procedures. Therefore in carrying out scientific study to help in determining the one who committed crime, care need to be taken so that the evidence is handled correctly to give reliable results which would not result in wrongful conviction. False confession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In most cases, wrongful conviction has been caused by false confessions. False confession can come about when the one confessing or giving evidence of the crime is mentally ill. Mental illness can make someone to confess on a crime which he or she has not committed or if the mentally ill person is giving evidence he or she can give wrong allegations concerning the accused. In other cases, police can use force and torture to individual to force someone to confess crimes which they have not committed. Police can false individual to give evidence after torturing individuals who finally gives up and decide to give wrong evidence out of torture that they get. Individual can be tortured also to give wrong allegations on someone else who has been convicted wrongfully (Holligan, 2003). These wrong evidences consequently results to convicting individuals wrongfully. During conviction of individuals, correct evidence should be gathered from mentally fit individual and police should not be allowed to torture individuals to give evidence in regard to crime and therefore they should be left to give evidence freely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Court should come up with various ways to ensure that cases of wrongful conviction are fully eliminated or they are reduced to minimum level to help those individuals who suffer greatly in prison while they are innocent as a result of being convicted wrongfully. The court has established various ways of ensuring that the problem is dealt with accordingly. This ways include: The court should first establish the main causes of wrongful convictions. Court should carry out research on these causes so as to ensure that they are dealt with fully. The court should review cases so that they can have better understanding of wrongful conviction. Appropriate constituent should ensure that they have the best practice. Issues of systematic level in examination of wrongful conviction should be examined. This can be enhanced when court get involved in commission which will ensure that all the above is addressed and the issues of wrongful conviction are reduced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court before giving their final ruling on the one who committed crime, the magistrates should first ensure that they are aware of the many causes of wrongful conviction so that they can establish them and understand them fully before giving their judgment on crime. By being aware of these causes, the courts ensure that judgments are not based on unreliable evidence and therefore judgment should always be based on reliable evidence (Sprouts, 2005). This evidence should be given forth by reliable individual who can be fully trusted of evidence that they produce in court to help in ruling of the convicted individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before giving out ruling, the court should ensure that it has carried out reliable research so that they can deal with cases which are brought forth rightfully (Rosen, 1992). These researches will help to establish whether the evidence collected is reliable. Research such as cause and result of wrongful conviction should be carried out so that the court can understand the torture that those who are convicted wrongly undergo. Therefore, by carrying out various researches, the court can finally be able to always give the rightful conviction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another way of reducing these wrongful conviction the court need to review various cases which have been wrongfully convicted so that they can evaluate the cause of those cases and come up with measures of ensuring that they are finally resolved. Best practices should be carried out by the court to ensure that those cases that they handle and the evidence that they use in ruling are reliable so that they can avoid unreliable sources which will cause wrongful conviction of individuals. Such practices includes, using experienced experts to gather enough information in regard to the crime being investigated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Systemic levels of examining various cases should be enhanced by court which will help the court to follow the case step by step so that the ruling given is the right one. Step by step follow up of cases can give reliable results to base judgment on. These systemic orders should be carried out by the court from the time the crime is committed and the scene of crime, to collection and presentation of evidence to the court by reliable individual. When these are followed, reliable evidence is finally gathered which prevents wrongful conviction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are quite a number of individuals who were convicted wrongly in and faced trial of crimes that they did not commit. One of the outstanding examples of an individual who was wrongfully convicted is David Milgaard who was wrongfully charged of raping Gail Miller out of false confession. Out of pressure and continued intellogation by the police, David’s finally changed the truth concerning the evidence they had in regard to the crime until it took to the version of police which lead to arrest of David. All the witnesses who were called upon to give testimony in regard to David were intimidated by the police who made them to give wrong information. After going through torture, the witness had to give information which pleased the police so that they could use it to file charges on David for crime which he had not committed. David tried to persuade the court but no one could listen to him since they believed that they had enough evidence. But after a lot of effort which was employed by David and the family, they finally managed to get reliable evidence out of DNA testing which they used to prove that David did not actually commit that crime. According to federal government, they compensated David for being convicted wrongfully. In this case, torture should not be used to get evidence and reliable evidence should be used before convicting an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another victim of wrongful conviction is Richard Alexander who was accused falsely of four rape cases after the statement which was released by the victim. After DNA study was carried out, it did not show him as the suspect of the case but the victim confessed that he was the one who committed that crime. During his stay in court, investigators were convinced that he is guilty since there are more rape cases which occurred when he was in custody. This enabled him to prove himself innocent since the other three cases mentioned him but by that time he was in police custody.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another individual who was wrongfully convicted was Alan Crotzer who was sent to prison in 1982. Alan was convicted of being among the three men accused of robbing white occupants in their apartment in Timpa and rapped a woman and a child (Wickham, 2007). They were accused of sexually assaulting them and leaving them tied to a tree. Crotzer was arrested since his picture was picked at the scene of crime. Crotzer was convicted wrongful and sentenced for a period of 130 years. He was behind bars for 24 years but after DNA test was carried out he was finally released and proved innocent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, in conclusion, wrongful conviction has caused many innocent individuals to suffer for mistake committed by other individuals who finally goes free. For fairness to be reached, the court should ensure that investigation and reliable evidence are used to determine the one who has actually committed the crime. Wrongful conviction results to torture and should be minimized and avoided at all levels. Reference: Rosen P. (1992). Wrongful conviction in Criminal Justice. Retrieved from: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp285-e.htm Wickham D. (2007). Wrongfully convicted man. Retrieved from: http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2007/05/wrongly_convict.html Sprouts M. (2005). Swanns way. United State: Barne and Noble Holligan B. (2003). Adventure and Law and Justice. Sydney: UNSW DPIC. (2008). Causes of Wrongful Conviction. Retrieved from: file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/user/Desktop/Causes%20of%20Wrongful%20Convictions.htm

How Harper Lee explores the theme of prejudice in the novel To kill Ess

How Harper Lee explores the theme of prejudice in the novel To kill a mockingbird? Harper Lee explores the theme of prejudice in her novel, set in a small town called Maycomb. Maycomb County was, and still is, situated in the state of Alabama. Alabama is a state of The United States of America. 'To kill a mockingbird'. What does this mean and in what ways are they shown in the novel? It is a sin to kill a mockingbird because it does not do any harm or faults to a person, but just sing its heart out to them people. The voice of a mockingbird is a 'sweet' voice and they sing songs. It is like killing someone or something that is innocent and hasn't done anything to harm. This does take place in this novel by Harper Lee. The story is based on mixed cultures and how the people of Maycomb county react to the situations happening in their county and their views about it and on the whole of society. This story was set in the times of the 1930's but was written by Harper Lee in the 1960's. There are different ways of showing that a person is prejudiced. In Maycomb, people stick or stay put to their views about other people. You can show prejudice to someone by race, class, gender, wealth, sex and in the other smallest possible ways. These ways of prejudice are all shown in Maycomb County. The main point is that the white coloured people give racial comments or abuse to the black coloured people who are part of the same community. In the in 1930's, the whites where much more higher in all aspects. This is because the blacks were kept as low-paid workers and were lower classed than the white community. The blacks were treated in the worst manner or possible way a whit man could treat a black person. In Mayco... ...in the southern countries of America. There are signs in America that changes are taking place and developing. People had begun to recognize that blacks should be allowed to live equally. Hopes of changes are shown because Mr. Underwood was a racist person but in his editorial he thought it to being the 'senseless killing and slaughter of children'. The jury took longer than usual to make their decision showing changes and that Mr. Cunningham tried to influence the jury to let Tom Robinson free and keep him and innocent man when Mr. Cunningham himself was a part of the Lynch mob who wanted to hang Tom Robinson after he was put into the county jail. These are the hopes that are evidently showing and appearing in the county. Aunt Alexandra also starts to change and care more for the children. These are the changes that are taking place in Maycomb County.

Gun Control Is Bad Essay

Gun control laws should not be strengthened, instead they should be enforced. Instead of making it harder for law-abiding citizens to obtain guns, guns should be taken away from unstable individuals or people who should not have guns like criminals. The first reason why gun control should not be strengthened is that citizens have the right to own guns; it is one of those entitlements that makes the United States different from other countries. Secondly, criminals are criminals and that is why they are called criminals, they don’t follow the law; basically if a criminal wants a gun they will get a gun, legally or not. My third reason is that guns are used for protection. Strengthening gun control laws will not prevent violence, guns aren’t the only tool used to hurt people, and people will use other objects to hurt people if they can’t have guns. Without a gun, murderers will still murder people whether they use a gun, knife, baseball bat, or any other object, it doesn’t matter. If not that many citizens have guns thanks to stronger gun laws, what if the government becomes tyrannical or does not protect the citizens’ rights? Well they won’t be able to do anything because they will be helpless, they can’t take out the leaders and fix the government. The second amendment states, â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Adolf Hitler took away guns from the Jewish people during his reign of power in Europe, the constitution states that guns are â€Å"necessary to the security of a free state† and Hitler did not want a free state, he did not want them to fight back. Same goes for Fidel Castro and other leaders like them. Guns are necessary to for the people to have, to make sure the government is kept in line. The founding fathers wanted citizens to be able to own guns to make sure that the people are in charge. Thomas Jefferson said, â€Å"When the people fear the government there is a tyranny, when the government fears the people there is liberty.† If stricter gun control laws went into effect then citizens will begin to lose a basic right as a citizen of the United States. Some people who think strengthening gun control will reduce gun violence but it will only make law-abiding citizens not want to go through the process of getting a gun. Criminals will find a way to get guns if they want them which is why instead of strengthening gun laws, it should be made sure that criminals and unstable people do not have guns. When alcohol was illegal during Prohibition, the criminals still found a way to get it, if guns are illegal they will still find a way to get them. Chicago has some of the strictest gun control laws in the nation. In 2010 it was illegal for a citizen to own a handgun. In that same year more Chicago police officers were killed by gunfire than any other police agency. According to theacru.org a Harvard study showed, â€Å"Norway has the highest rate of gun ownership in Western Europe, yet possesses the lowest murder rate. In contrast, Holland’s murder rate is nearly the worst, despite having the lowest gun ownership in Western Europe.† This is showing how gun control does not work. According to dosomething.org, â€Å"Most guns used in crimes are stolen either from homes or gun dealers.† A criminal will find a gun illegally if they have to, they won’t care about gun control laws, only citizens who will follow the law will, and they will be the ones to get hurt by the criminals. If they want it, they will find a way to get it. Guns don’t kill people, people kill people and if guns are not available then people will still kill people, gun control laws being strengthened will not stop people from killing each other. The proof is in the facts, gun control doesn’t work. Guns can be used to balance power between the strong and the defenseless which can save innocent lives. For example, if an elderly woman was home alone and someone was breaking into her home she could easily shoot the intruder and defend herself. According to justfacts.com, in a survey done by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1994, â€Å"Americans use guns to frighten away intruders who are breaking into their homes about 498,000 times per year.† An example of this is a story done by ABC News on October 20, 2012 a 12 year old girl was home alone when an intruder broke in, she hid in her closet with her mom’s gun and when the intruder came to the closet she shot him in the shoulder and he got scared off, that probably saved her life. Also, a survey from the Journal of Quantative Criminology from 2000 stated, â€Å"U.S. civilians use guns to defend themselves and others from crimes at least 989,883 times per year.† If gun control laws are strengthened it will be harder for citizens who obey the law to obtain guns which they would use to protect themselves therefore the crime rate will spike as the smaller and weaker cannot protect themselves. Stricter gun control laws will only make it harder for citizens who actually follow the law to acquire guns, criminals don’t care if it is illegal or not. It is an unalienable right as a U.S. citizen to own guns and guns are used as protection from people like who want to do harm to others. If gun laws are strengthened criminals will still get the guns if they want them, they don’t care if they break the law. Guns are used for protection by citizens. I think that the only way to lessen violence with guns is to have stronger penalties for murders and harm to other people. Also, I believe that people should keep track of their guns and keep them in a safe place so no one can steal them.

Car Manufacturer

Toyota is one of the company car manufacturer. Cars like Vios, Hilux, Sienna, Prius, Avanza, Fortuner and many more are the product that has being produce by Toyota to identify and target a market segment. Based on our analysis, the segment that has being targeted by Toyota is the Geographical, Demographic, Psychographic and Behavioral segmentation. On Geographical segmentation, Toyota has target different car in different country. Like American, Toyota has conquered the market by introduced the car Prius that is green environmental because the company know the American needs oil saving cars.On Demographic segmentation, Toyota has also target the market by gender, family size, family life cycle, income and occupation. Toyota has mostly target the women for several of their models like the Toyota Prius because women influence more on purchase decision. Other than that, Toyota has also target on family market by introducing cars like Avanza that can fit a person or a big family inside. Besides that, Toyota has also target the market that is lowered and middle income by introduced cars like Vios.It has make every people can afford a car that is high quality and economic with low price. Toyota has also targeted the industrial market by produce the cars like van and trucks that can be use in different section of occupation. Vans like Toyota Hiace are usually use in delivering goods and worker. Truck like Toyota Hilux are usually use in estate because can travelling obstacle and load goods. On psychographic segmentation, Toyota has targeted the market by lifestyle, social class and personality traits.Toyota has manufacture cars that is higher status by upgraded the design and also the engine of the car. Those car has being named Toyota Racing Development (TRD). The company has manufacture these cars so that the person that has higher lifestyle, social class and personality traits can have more choices instead of the normal types of the cars. Cars like Celica and Supr a are also the types of car that has higher lifestyle, social class and personality traits.Besides that, Toyota has also manufacture cars like Prius that is friendly environment and value conscious. On behavioral segmentation, Toyota has targeted the market by the occasions, benefits sought, user status and user rates. The company has manufacture luxury cars like Estima that can be use in different occasions like wedding. Besides that, the company has also manufactures cars like Prius that is friendly environment based on the benefits sought that the customer can enjoy the free environmental and also can reduce cost of buying fuel.Cars like Toyota Super Kings is manufacture to targeted the user status market. People that is using the cars can be categorized as high status people because of the price of the car and hard to affordable. Toyota has also targeted the market by the user rates when the people are more preferred on cars. So the company has designed more cars like Vios, Camr y, Corolla Passo and many more. These are the market segmentation that we have analyzed and the also the variables that the Toyota has being targeted.

Critically discuss the role of the constructive Essays

Critically discuss the role of the constructive Essays Critically discuss the role of the constructive Essay Critically discuss the role of the constructive Essay Critically discuss the function of the constructive trust in protecting the involvements of those whose ownership is non reflected by the Land Registry. ( 1500 words ) A constructive trust is one that arises by operation of the jurisprudence, and there are three wide classs of such trust. The first is the constructive trust that arises as a consequence of the just axiom that equity looks upon that as done which ought to be done. As such, these trusts enhance the rights of the parties to specifically enforceable contracts. The 2nd type of constructive trust arises where a beneficiary’s just proprietary rights have been threatened by a breach of trust. The concluding wide class of the constructive trust arises where an single acquires for the first clip an involvement in the belongings of another as a consequence of their past relationship or traffics with that other individual ( that is, the legal proprietor ) . [ 1 ] One can see from the beginning that the constructive trust, so, has a potentially of import function to play in land jurisprudence. This essay will discourse and analyze this function, with peculiar mention to the protection of the involvements of those whose ownership is non reflected in the Land Registry ( although such individuals are falling in figure as a consequence of the e-conveyancing revolution ) . One can see that all the three types of constructive trusts can play a function in protecting the involvements of those whose involvements have non been registered in the Land Registry, albeit at different phases in the life of the peculiar involvement. For illustration, the first type of constructive trust identified ; that which arises through the operation of the axiom that equity looks upon that as done which ought to be done, can be seen to protect the parties to a belongings dealing which will normally hold two phases. These phases are normally an initial contract of sale, followed later by the formal executing of paperss which transfer the rubric to the belongings in inquiry to the purchaser. The obvious danger to the purchaser in such fortunes is that the seller refuses to honor the contract for sale and does non put to death the paperss to reassign rubric. Obviously at this phase there is no registered involvement on the portion of the purchaser, and as such equity stairss i n to help him or her. Provided the belongings being sold is â€Å"unique in the eyes of equity† ( which all land is considered to be ) , equity will let the purchaser an excess redress. Equally long as his common jurisprudence right to action for amendss, the just redress of specific public presentation of the contract will let the purchaser to action for the belongings itself. The concluding behind this is that equity considers the rubric to the belongings to hold been transferred from the seller to the purchaser at the minute the contract of sale is agreed. This is the minute at which a constructive trust comes into being, and the seller holds, in the eyes of equity, the belongings on constructive trust for the purchaser until such times as the transportation of legal rubric is completed, at which stage the involvement will be registered on the Land Registry. This scenario clearly illustrates the nature of the constructive trust as arising by operation of the jurisprudence and protecting the unre gistered involvements of purchasers of land. It can already be seen, so, that the constructive trust represents an informal creative activity of proprietary rights in land. This is something that by and large English jurisprudence has traditionally non favoured. [ 2 ] This is because of the supreme concerns of land jurisprudence for lucidity and certainty in this country. The informal creative activity of rights in land is evidently inherently unsure and hence impinges on these concerns. The constructive trust is a premier illustration of the informal creative activity of rights in land. As has been mentioned, such a trust arises where it would fraudulent for the legal rubric holder of a piece of belongings to asseverate his exclusive good ownership â€Å"in disparagement of just rights which have already been bargained off informally to another.† [ 3 ] That is to state that a deal has been made between the legal proprietor and the prospective purchaser of the belongings in inquiry, and that deal renders it conscienceles s for the seller to asseverate his ain good rubric to the exclusion of the purchaser. As with other countries of equity, the protection afforded the purchaser by the infliction of a constructive trust will go available merely one time the purchaser has relied upon the deal in inquiry. The being of constructive trusts in this country is to a great extent coloured by the statutory rejection of mere unwritten gifts or deals, as exemplified in theLaw of Property Act 1925, s53 ( 1 ) ( B ) ( degree Celsius ) . There is, so, a balance to be struck between this rejection and the demand to protect the bargained involvement of the possible purchaser, despite that interest’s informal beginnings. This balance can be seen as a certain threshold of conscienceless behavior on the portion of the intended seller, beyond which the constructive trust will step in to battle this unconscionability. Put merely, as Nourse LJ did in the instance ofGrant V Edwards( 1986 ) , where the legal rubric holder has entered into an understanding which is later acted upon by the other party, to portion or apportion the good ownership of a peculiar piece of land in some manner, equity will non let the supposed seller unconscionably to deny the good involvement conceded and will therefore â⠂¬Å"construct a trust to give consequence to it† . [ 4 ] In the more colorful linguistic communication of Justice Cardozo in the instance ofBeatty V Guggenheim Exploration Co( 1919 ) , the constructive trust provides the â€Å"formula through which the scruples of equity discoveries expression.† The fortunes in which a constructive trust will run to protect the unregistered involvements of persons in belongings were set down by Lord Diplock in the seminal instance ofG.i.ing V G.i.ing( 1971 ) . Such fortunes were where â€Å" [ A ] has so conducted himself that it would be unjust to let him to deny to [ B ] a good interest† in his land. This was limited, nevertheless, by the fact that the unjust result which the constructive trust sought to rectify would originate merely if â€Å" [ A ] by his words or behavior has induced [ B ] to move to [ his ] ain hurt in the sensible belief that by so acting [ he ] was geting a good involvement in the land.† [ 5 ] This, so, can be seen both to reflect general just rules that the donee of equity must hold relied to their hurt on something, and besides that the constructive trust’s function in protecting the good ownership of those non reflected in the Land Registry is non every bit wide as it may at first appear. One of the most noteworthy characteristics of the constructive trust is that it is statutorily exempted from any demand of formal authorship and therefore is good placed to protect informal rights, albeit to a limited extent as outlined above ( LPA 1925, s53 ( 2 ) ) . What type of involvement does the constructive trust grant the purchaser? This will really much depend on the fortunes of the single instance, and this country reflects the flexibleness of the constructive trust. For illustration, the fortunes may be such that the constructive trust grants the purchaser an absolute good involvement ; that is, for illustration, an just fee simple estate. Alternatively, fortunes may be such that it is merely appropriate to confabulate a limited good involvement on the purchaser such as a life involvement. Finally, a constructive trust may allow a ‘fractional’ involvement on the purchaser ; that is an just right to a fraction of the ownership such as a half or a 3rd. When the constructive trust takes consequence, it becomes a ‘trust of land’ and as such is governed by theTrusts of Land and Appointments of legal guardians Act 1986. The constructive trust is a potentially powerful method of protecting the involvements of those individuals whose involvement are non yet registered in the Land Registry. The flexibleness of the constructive trust is reflected in the broad scope of involvements which it has imposed in assorted fortunes, such as an just fee simple estate inDoohan v Nelson( 1973 ) , a life involvement inBannister V Bannister( 1948 ) , a long rental inYaxley V Gotts( 2000 ) , or an estate contract inLyus V Prowsa Developments Ltd( 1982 ) . The fortunes in which it operates are, nevertheless, limited, and this can be seen as a consequence of the tenseness between rules of English land jurisprudence of certainty and formality and the informal creative activity of belongings rights. Bibliography Legislative act Law of Property Act 1925 Trusts of Land and Appointments of legal guardians Act 1986 Cases Bannister V Bannister [ 1948 ] 2 All ER 133, CA Beatty V Guggenheim Exploration Co 225 NY 380 ( 1919 ) Doohan V Nelson [ 1973 ] 2 NSWLR 320 G.i.ing V G.i.ing [ 1971 ] AC 886, HL Grant V Edwards [ 1986 ] Ch 638 Lyus V Prowsa Developments Ltd [ 1982 ] 1 WLR 1044 Yaxley V Gotts [ 2000 ] Ch 162, CA Secondary beginnings Bray, J. , Turner, C. and Martin, J. ( 2004 ) Unlocking Land Law ( London: Hodder Arnold ) Gray, K. and Gray, S.F. ( 2003 ) Land Law, 3rdEdition ( London: LexisNexis ) Gray, K. and Gray, S.F. ( 2005 ) Elementss of Land Law ( London: LexisNexis ) Penner, J.E. ( 2004 ) The Law of Trusts, 4ThursdayEdition ( London: LexisNexis )

Colored Fire Spray Bottles

Colored Fire Spray Bottles In the pilot episode of Breaking Bad, chemistry teacher Walt White performs a demonstration in which he changes the color of a bunsen burner flame by spraying the flame with chemicals. You can perform the colored fire demonstration yourself. All you need are some common chemicals, alcohol, and spray bottles. Here is a list of metal salts you can use to (safely) color fire. The chemicals have low toxicity and any smoke produced wont be any better/worse for you than normal wood smoke: Colored Fire Chemicals Heres a list of common chemicals and the colors of flames they produce: Dark red lithium chlorideRed strontium chloride (found in emergency flares)Orange calcium chloride (a bleaching powder)Yellow sodium chloride (table salt) or sodium carbonateYellowish green borax (sodium borate, a common insecticide and cleaning agent)Green copper sulfate (found in some pool and aquarium chemicals)Blue copper chloride (lab chemical, but other copper compounds found in algicides and fungicides may work)Violet 3 parts potassium sulfate, 1 part potassium nitrate (saltpeter)Purple potassium chloride (sometimes sold as a salt substitute)White magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) Prepare the Flame Colorants If you were just coloring a campfire or other wood fire, you could simply sprinkle the dry metal salts onto the fire. Copper chloride is especially nice for this since the sodium that is naturally present in wood causes this chemical to produce a mix of blue, green, and yellow flames. However, for the gas flame in a burner, you need the salts dissolved in a flammable liquid. The obvious choice here is alcohol. Common alcohols found around the home could include rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) or ethanol (e.g., in vodka). In some cases, the metal salts will first need to be dissolved in a small volume of water and then mixed with alcohol so that they can be spray onto a flame. Some salts may not dissolve, so what you can do is grind them into a fine powder and suspend them in liquid. Do not spray alcohol or any flammable chemical across a flame toward people! Safety Information While the colorants used in this demonstration are generally safe, this project involves flammable materials and flames. There is an innate risk of burns and uncontrolled fire. Be sure to have a working fire extinguisher handy, wear appropriate safety gear, and maintain a safe distance between the demonstration and the demonstrator/audience. Flames involving alcohol may be extinguished with water, by suffocation, or with any fire extinguisher. The demonstrator is advised to wear low-flammability clothing (typically natural fibers) rather than flammable synthetic clothing. A little preparation makes for a safe and memorable demonstration that will raise interest in chemistry! Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Tesco PLC. Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tesco PLC. Company Analysis - Essay Example Since 1997, Tesco has recorded tremendous growth making it the leading food retailer in the United Kingdom (Quelch 2010, p.1). This was spearheaded by good leadership under CEO Terry Leahy who emphasized on innovation and customer satisfaction (Quelch 2010, p.2). One of the main issues that are of great concern is inability of Tesco plc to penetrate in United States market despite the market having only few competitors such as Raphs, Vons, Albertsons and Stater Brothers. This is despite the company’s strategies to send 50 managers to learn more about the market and come up with appropriate procedures to penetrate them The main objective is to analyze if it is important for the company to go ahead with the market penetration process or it’s supposed to withdraw from the market as profits obtained cannot be compared with the investment that the company used i.e. $700 in order to position itself in the market (Quelch 2010, p.2). The predecessors such as Sainsbury, Marks and Spencer had to sell their ownership to other business as they found the market unfavorable for the business to thrive. As a result, one of the main objectives of the paper will be coming up with the appropriate conclusion on if it is profitable to venture in United States market or the business. It will also try to analyze why many retailers withdraw from the United States market. Tesco Company has experience on various markets. The company is the major retailer in United Kingdom with branches in Hungary, Ireland, and France etc. This gives the company a variety of strategies to select from in order to penetrate the US market (Quelch 2010, p.3). On the other hand major weakness that this knowledge has is that it makes it hard for the company to select the appropriate strategy to apply in the US market. This is because different markets react differently on the entry strategies applied by the companies. Tesco companies have large financial reserves that can