Personality disorder and depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personality disorder and depression - Essay Example Abnormal psychologists and psychopathologists incorporate and believe the fact that these abnormal behaviors can be brought about by several factors, which can function individually or correlate with each other: heredity, physique, cognitive abilities and socialization. For a more systematic and fact-based study on abnormal behavior, there are several theories which abnormal psychologists conform to in explaining the occurrence of such behaviors. Some theories flourished from well-renowned psychologists of all time while some aroused from years of study and observation. These theories, often referred to as perspectives, help in attempting to explain the causal factors of these abnormal behaviors. Furthermore, these theories not only help in identifying and explaining why such disorders happen but also assist in determining the method and treatment which should be done upon the patient. There are primarily five perspectives related to abnormal behavior but there are several sources which sites in more theories- all of which will be explained individually in the course of this research paper. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY. ... The unconscious is the prime mover of the psychodynamic theory which contends that these disorders ascend from the unresolved conflicts inside a person's mind. Because of these inconsistencies, anxiety occurs within a person, which in turn leads to unconscious conflicts. In this certain perspective, the treatment method focuses on identifying that certain conflict inside a person's mind through counseling or therapy sessions. After it has been identified, the next focus would be on solving that certain conflict which entails pretty much effort from both the counselor and the client. BEHAVIORAL THEORY. In behavioral theory, the behaviorism school of thought in psychology is taken into consideration. Abnormal psychologists who embrace the behavioral perspective stand by the idea that psychological disorders and abnormal behaviors arise from wrong conditioning earlier in the foundation age of an individual. The person suffering from abnormal behaviors is believed to have learned the same abnormal behavior during his childhood or in cases when that certain behavior has been falsely introduced to his mind. Aside from faulty conditioning, futile learning and comprehension may also be considered on the part of the person suffering. The course of treatment as to this theory is through redesigning the abnormal behavior of a person. He or she can recover from these disordered behaviors through counseling and learning procedures which could help him or her eliminate those unwanted behaviors and learn new and more appropriate actions in exchange. One example of therapy would be what we usually call the behavior therapy which is done by non-reinforcing negative behavior

Health Care Reform (case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Reform (case study) - Essay Example nges in the US health care system; and the proposed plan would not reduce healthcare costs until US citizens change the way they perceive their own health improvement. The plan was strongly supported by the Wellpoint CEO Angela Braly, one of the most powerful women in the United States. She states that â€Å"the high and rising cost of healthcare in America is just not sustainable† (as cited in Dayen, 2009). Braly criticizes the previous healthcare system administered by the federal government as she believes that it was inefficient to promote healthcare quality. She also believes that previous policy was a threat to government’s social and fiscal obligations and welfare of the American society. In addition, she recommends that insurance companies have a significant role to plan in promoting this healthcare initiative. However, Republicans, as reported by Herwood (2010) strongly oppose the proposed healthcare reform initiative and they argue that the Obama administration is deceiving the country through this healthcare reform. Republicans argue that the low government reimbursement rates under this plan would adversely affect the financial interests of doctors. In addition, this reform proposal is likely to increase government spending by approximately $2 trillion. They also fear that the initiative will cause to create numerous bureaucracies, which in turn negatively affect the government’s role in healthcare. Finally, they argue that new fees and other charges will be indirectly passed to clients through premium increases. While analyzing the Obama’s new healthcare reform legislation, it seems that this plan does not fit with the recommendations discussed above. The healthcare reform plan did not give any focus on socio-cultural aspects of the American society. Hence, the reform cannot effectively meet its aimed objectives, particularly cutting of health care costs. In addition, this legislation caused nearly 20 million of Americans to lose their employer

What Is The Great Famine History Essay

What Is The Great Famine History Essay The Great Famine is one of the seminal moments in Irish history. Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century was a colony of Britain its people mostly tenant farmers. When the potato crop failed in 1845 and failed again for five years in a row a tragedy of enormous proportions played out, there was a cascade of death, but also a cascade of bad decision making, self-serving opportunism, and moral sanctimony a tragedy that is still having its effects today. There are three predominant lenses through which the ideology behind British response to the Famine is largely interpreted the traditional Irish nationalist lens, the revisionist lens, and the post-revisionist lens. The nationalist lens perceives the Famine as a symbol of British misrule in Ireland and comparisons to genocide are frequently made fears of fuelling IRA violence have often led historians of the famine to be accused of self-censorship or political correctness. Whilst the revisionists attempt to place the Famine in the con text of the time arguing the British Government did all they could have done they are frequently criticised of playing down the Famine by marginalizing, minimizing or sanitizing it. Lastly, post-revisionism endeavours to implement new economic and statistical techniques in an attempt to understand the Famine in a new light they challenge revisionism and do not accept the nationalist interpretation either. There were three fundamental ideologies that largely determined the British governments response (or lack of) to the Famine: the economic doctrines of the Famine period, the protestant belief in providentialism, and the deep-rooted ethnic prejudice against the Catholic Irish. Whilst the British indifference to the Famine cannot rightly be called genocide, the nationalist interpretation of the ideology is the most strongly evidenced. Recent famine historiography has largely been dominated by revisionist scholarship. Kinealy reverses this trend and makes a strong antirevisionist case for genocide by arguing against traditional orthodoxies. Kinealy convincingly argues that the British Government knew what was going on in Ireland and had the ability to provide relief to many of the people. However, for various political and ideological reasons they chose not to do so. She posits that the Famine and social policy essentially became a tool with which the British Government could use to ensure that modernization took place in Ireland. The British Governments response to the Famine was heavily influenced by providentialism the doctrine that human affairs are regulated by divine agency for human good.  [1]  Ultra-Protestants typically interpreted the blight as vengeance against Irish Catholicism  [2]  . Gray argues that it would be wrong and too simplistic to say that the British Government was a direct cause of the Famine, its responsibility lies more in its inaction its failure to grasp the growing and tremendous problems within Ireland in the early nineteenth century. It is evident that the British Government saw there was a problem a growing crisis of poverty and unemployment, however not enough was done to address the massive problems of poverty and inequality in pre-famine Ireland. When this great, sudden, unforeseen shock of the potato blight comes and the flimsy underpinnings of rural Irish society collapse the Government was not prepared they had no plan or solution. They fell back on methods wi th which they had used to deal with previous much smaller crises, when those failed there was a tendency to see the Famine as an opportunity and also a necessity of rebuilding Irish society from scratch. For those who are genuine believers in divine providence the blight was interpreted as a catalyst for implementing these fundamental changes in Ireland  [3]  and to alleviate Irelands need for continued private financial dependence on England. This notion of Providentialism was inextricably linked to the classical economic doctrine of lasses-faire. Donnellys post-revisionist interpretation, along with Kinealy and Gray is careful to emphasize the British governments reliance on the economic doctrine of laissez faire (prevailing economic theorem of the day) singling out Trevelyans devotion to this economic ideology of allowing industry to be essentially free of government interference that led (what Donnelly illustrates) to Trevelyans greatest blunder his refusal to prohibit food exports. Donnelly points out that the relief efforts provided by the British Government were deliberately spread over a period of time rather than simultaneously in order to prevent a culture of dependence. He states that since economy in public expenditure being one of the gods that Trevelyan worshipped  [4]  , Trevelyan and his contemporaries certainly were not forthcoming with funds and cut corners. This aversion to charity was implemented to avert, as they believed, an Irish population that could potentially become solely dependent on government assistance as opposed to contributing to their own prosperity. Kinealy and Ó Grà ¡da both reflect that the government placed the economy above humanitarian relief efforts during the Famine period  [5]  . The impact of the economic doctrine of laissez-faire can be seen as the ideology behind the British Governments (under Whig leadership) decision to end the Temporary Relief Act or Soup Kitchen Act in September 1847 only six months after it was established. The British Government also decided that strict adherence to the principals of political economy'  [6]  regardless of, or because of its consequences: the decision to allow the export of large quantities of grain and livestock to Britain during the height of the crisis; the sale of relief supplies at market prices; and frivolent expenditure on unproductive public works. These disastrous decisions certainly lend some weight to John Mitchels case for genocide. However, as Donnelly illustrates in reality Irish grain exports decreased significantly throughout the Famine period and imports ultimately increased substantially. Although we cannot dismiss Mitchels perspective completely, by halting grain exports during the period after the catastrophic harvest of 1846 and before the importation of large supplies of foreign grain early in 1847, could possibly (as many Nationalists since the Famine have argued) have prevented or at minimum slowed the onset of mass starvation and disease. Ki nealy is of the opinion that had grain exports been stopped, the effects of the Famine could have been minimised. She puts forward the notion that the Famine was due to inadequate food distribution as opposed to an actual lack of food potatoes were only responsible for 20 percent of Irelands agricultural production  [7]  . Kinealy points towards the British governments reluctance to intervene and upset the merchant classes due to the forthcoming election  [8]  . Conversely, Ó Grà ¡da, along with Gray does not believe there would have been adequate food supplies, regardless of whether food was exported or not  [9]  . Sir Charles Trevelyan, who was a key British official for public relief and oversaw the entire relief process during the whole period of the Famine (he served under the Tory and Whig governments), has been fairly targeted by Nationalist historians and thoroughly demonized as ..Trevelyan a strong proponent of providentialism described the Famine in 1848 as a direct stroke of an all-wise and all-merciful Providence, which laid bare the deep and inveterate root of social evil; the Famine, he avowed, was the sharp but effectual remedy by which the cure is likely to be effected. God grant that the generation to which this opportunity has been offered may rightly perform its part  [10]  With statements like this it is not hard to label Trevelyan as an evangelical providentialist (interpreting the Famine as part of Gods divine plan for Ireland). In contrast to many Nationalist historians, the revisionist Haines controversially attempts to put up a defence for Trevelyan (merely a civil s ervant) suggesting that the possibility that Trevelyan could have influenced the government policy on famine relief measures was unlikely  [11]  . Haines states Phytophthora Infestans [the potato blight], not Trevelyan, was the tyrant who brought death and suffering to Ireland on a scale never before witnessed.  [12]  She is correct in asserting that the cause of the Famine was undeniably due to the potato blight, however the distinction between the blight and the Famine is best surmised in John Mitchels famous phrase: The Almighty, indeed, sent the potato blight, but the English created the Famine.  [13]   The revisionist Peter Gray views the manifestation of burgeoning British public opinion in parliament as an explanation behind British ideology and consequently British policies towards Ireland (during the Famine period). He sees The Panic of 1847 (the British financial crisis) as a plausible justification for the catalyst which inspired, awakened and gave voice to an assertive middle-class political opinion  [14]  . British hostility towards the Irish was further The Panic of 1847 (British financial crisis) is often viewed as a plausible justification to the British Governments response to the Famine. Peter Gray states in the conditions of the later 1840s [government policy] amounted to a sentence of death on many thousands (93 Moralism unsurprisingly trails behind providentialism in the deplorable belief that the Catholic Irish were morally bankrupt, physically and mentally inferior they were viewed as biologically inferior according to those in the British government. Members of parliament were abundantly clear in making such statements on the floor of the House of Commons. Kinealy, along with Donnelly develops this notion that the British government held a set of ethnic prejudices towards the Catholic Irish. These prejudices, Kinealy argues, had an impact of leading British officials (ministers, civil servants, politician and representatives) that to led widespread discrimination and the formation of attitudes which in turn justified the inadequate aid and relief policies by the British government. These racist attitudes had the effect of spreading, as Donnelly states, famine fatigue in Britain. This blunted or perhaps even eliminated any potential sympathies that could have sustained political will to alleviate the Famine. De Nie has argues the British government used the Famine as an opportunity to promote and reinforce and portrayal of the Irish as subhuman and fundamentally a foreign race.  [15]  He points out that it was the Times that set the precedent of racism even in the earliest years of the Famine. De Nie argues that by implementing racism the British people succeeded in self-justification this was accomplished by projecting the blame for the Irish suffering onto the Irish themselves This essay has examined the three prevalent lenses through which the British ideology is viewed. The nationalist view of British ideology is the most well evidenced. However, as historians we must refrain judging the actions of individuals against contemporary morals and ideals. There is some merit to revisionist and post-revisionist arguments and they must not be dismissed entirely. All three lenses must be viewed within the context of the time without impediment by personal or national agenda. It is evident that the Great Famine was arguably one event in a long process of colonial disregard and exploitation of segments of the Irish people by the British Government for its own purposes and benefits. The psychological damage of the Famine was predated by several hundred years of policies by the British government which were specifically designed to undermine the spirit of the Irish people, remove them from their lands, destroy the structure of Irish society, and in general reduce the segments of the Irish population to poverty and insignificance. The Famine came along during the tail end of previous three-hundred years of discrimination to weaken the people who are weakened already in many ways by the institutions of the Church. This caused widespread devastation through disease, starvation, death and emigration. Approximately twenty-five percent of people left Ireland or died over a ten year period. The psychological history of the Famine continues to live on particularly within the Irish Catholic population. Maybe the deepest price the Irish have paid for the famine was the shame not the shame of those who let it happen, but the shame of those to whom it was done and which they have found it so very hard to speak. It is important in this academic analysis not to lose sight of the scope and significance of the Famine. It would be a great travesty for an event of such magnitude to be relegated to the pages of revisionist historiography. Nationalist outrage has been stifled by the weight of revisionist historiography.

Do Primates Posses Culture? Essay -- essays research papers

Writing Assignment One--Do primates posses culture?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that if culture is defined as learned behavior, than it is reasonable to say that primates posses a form of culture. Primates have been observed making tools to aid in collecting food and developing communication system, both of which are learned behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is common in monkeys, apes and humans that behavior and social organization aren’t necessarily programmed into the genes. There have been several cases where an entire troop has learned from the experiences of just a few. In a group of Japanese macaques, for example, a three-year-old female female developed the habit of washing dirt of of sweet potatoes before she ate them. First her mother, and then peers and then the entire troop started washing their potatoes too. Another macaque troop has a similar experience when a group of dominant males learned to eat wheat. Within an hour, the practice had spread throughout the entire group. Changes in learned behavior seem to spread more quickly from the top down than from the bottom up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For monkeys as for people, the ability to learn is a tremendous adaptive advantage, permitting them to avoid fatal mistakes. Faced with an environmental change, primates don’t have to wait for a genetic or physiological response, since learned behavior and social patterns can be modified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The extensive usage of too...

Islam and the Challenge of Democracy Essay

Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl is the most prolific of the Islamic thinkers of today’s world. He is a great Islamic jurist and scholar, and is now a Professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law giving the students knowledge of Islamic law, Immigration, Human Rights, International and National Security Law. His Islam and the Challenge to Democracy is the quest to find out numerous questions and varied answers in establishing the relation between the principles so enshrined in Democracy and Islamic political and religious tenants. To propound the relationship between the Islam and democracy is not a straightforward as it involves the deep and thorough understanding of the religious and political structures of the Islamic world and Democracy in its entity. Dr Khaled says that issue of democracy in the Islamic world of today is being hotly debated and there are both pro and anti versions to this issue that compete with each other and the biggest challenge before the advocators is to promote the vision of social justice and faith. The very first section only of his most profile book Islam and the Challenge of Democracy straight forwardly says that he does not believe as what other Muslim advocators say that Islam has given birth to Democracy but various elements of Democracy are very well present in the Islam and we can say that Islam too supports Democracy. In this endeavor, he defied the view of radical Islamists as well as hardened Islamophobes who say that as God is sovereign master of whole Universe, therefore the principles of Democracy do not hold true for the Islamic world. El Fadl poises that there is no doubt of the fact that the God is the sovereign power in the Universe yet this is God who has bestowed upon the humans, the power to envisage the right to form rules to govern themselves in the form of deputies or khulafa. In-fact Islam also believes in a form of government, that gives power to the people, transparency in the decision making through shura’ and there is a toleration for any disagreements and disputes arising out of any rule and rules are accountable to his subjects for any actions. El Fadl believes in the formulation of the basic ethical values, and rights for all human beings on this Earth. He focuses that Islam should formulate the laws through ijtihad on which shari‘ah doesn’t have anything to say. He emphasized on the importance of formulating the maslaha or the ‘public good’ and ahkam al-shari‘ah or ‘expediency laws’ to envisage new thought process to develop the understanding of giving equal rights to every one. He admits that any interpretation of Islamic tenets, which has been construed by Islamic religious heads or Islamic religious leaders cannot be held as mere will of the divine power or God. He vehemently opposes the formation of the Islamic state that has all the rights to form the Shari’ah, because he is fully aware of the fact that no human being can interpret the will of the God or divine power. If this is done, it will lead to misunderstanding or very limited understanding of the link or relation between the Islam and will of God and this in turn would mean trying to become equal to God and that’s the biggest sin. This will further lead to authoritative and oppressive state. He said that although Muslim jurists defined and formulated number of political systems, yet there is nothing specific mentioned in Qur’an about any form that Government wishes to take. But Qur’an does recognize social and political values which form the basis in an arena of Muslim politics. Three values that are so enshrined in the Islamic testament: â€Å"Are: pursuing justice through social cooperation and mutual assistance (Qur’an 49:13; 11:119); establishing a non-autocratic, consultative method of governance; and institutionalizing mercy and compassion in social interactions (6:12, 54; 21:107; 27:77; 29:51; 45. 20)†. (El Fadl, Democracy and Divine Sovereignty, 2) Overall Muslims should form the government that would help in endorsing these values. As he said, â€Å"Qur’an says that God has bestowed all human beings a divine power by making them viceroys of God on this earth: He says, â€Å"Remember, when your Lord said to the angels: ‘I have to place a vicegerent on earth,’ they said: ‘Will you place one there who will create disorder and shed blood, while we intone Your litanies and sanctify Your name? ’ And God said: ‘I know what you do not know’† (2:30). (El Fadl, The Case for Democracy, 3) Institutionally it can be pointed out that the ulama, or Jurists can act as interpreters of the words of God and define what is moral and what acts are immoral for the humans. Every word of them is the voice of the God. But the law of the state demands that no religion can be imposed on the working of the state because laws of the state have been formulated by the humans according to their own whims and state itself. And therefore in his own words, â€Å"Democracy is an appropriate system for Islam because it both expresses the special worth of human beings—the status of vicegerency—and at the same time deprives the state of any pretense of divinity by locating ultimate authority in the hands of the people rather than the ‘ulama†. (El Fadl, Shari‘ah and the Democratic State, 20) Finally he says that educators try to enthuse in the soul of the people the moral values of Qu’ran and induce the society to turn towards will of God. But in this world of today, if a person is morally strong but cannot imbibe by full majesty of God but still believes in the fundamental rights of individuals, still have to be answerable to the will of God. It’s not just the mirage of the El Fadl’s views but also the vision of the several scholars on the most crucial and complex subject, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy. The second section of the book consists of short responses to El Fadl’s essay by several scholars. Nader A. Hashemi says that the most prominent aspect to El Fadl is his belief that Democracy can be possible in Islamic countries, with this he proved false, the wildly held belief that Islam is not compatible to democracy. He further said that this idea has gained immense popularity after September 11. He states that biggest challenge in front of the Islamic nations is the choice that they have to make between the modernization and fanaticism and the future of the Middle East all depends on which of them will go for a longer period. John Esposito espoused that El Fadl indicates complex and multiple manner by which Qur’an can be interpreted by the religious fundamentalists, fanatics and politicians to fulfill their various social and political motives. Jeremy Waldron appreciates El Fadl’s study of the theory of the Islamic democracy. Jeremy says that El Fadl conceptualized in the most articulate way the issue of the Islamic tradition and the way in which he poises about the politics and the rule of law in the milieu of the medieval age and how these thoughts were so prevalent in the early modern thought in the Christian era. Also, how the moral and ethical values in the context of good governance had to struggle to make its place in front of scriptural authority and theocratic rule. The most enduring thing was that these ideas not only grew out of the abased environment but also actually kept on presenting itself by religious ideas and ecclesiastical practices. Muqtedar Khan talks about the â€Å"Pact of Medina†, which was signed between the Prophet and Jews and the pagans of the town. This pact he said could be utilized to give the Islamic world the model for democracy and pluralism. In this pact, all the parties were guaranteed equal rights and equal responsibilities. Echoing El Fadl, he pinpointed that Islam should be made a symbol of ethical values and moral principles and should solve all the problems from the new outlook and new democratic perspective. But Saba Mahmood criticized Fadl on the point of liberalization. She says that very concept of liberalization is full of contradictions and the limitations that follow. She further says that he focused more on rights of individuals than on community as a whole. El Fadl also ignored the human rights violations that follow liberalization, which are most popular in the most liberalized states like United States of America. Even Kevin Reinhart revokes same voice as Saba Mahmood by saying that El Fadl ignored the vital point of what the Western nations learned from their liberalized approach in their relations with the other countries including Islamic nations. The whole liberalized approach depends on polices of Westernized nations and the military interventions of the USA in Islamic countries jeopardized whole concept of democracy and liberalization. William Quandt too said that the absence of democracy in the Islamic countries do not lie in their religion perspective but the problem lies in the presence of monarchical or dictatorial regimes in these countries, which partially or all are backed by the Western powers. In William Quandt views lie the whole thrust of the problem in the Islamic countries. The requirement is the political and structural changes in the Islamic world that would bring about social and economic upliftment from the vision of democracy, which El Fadl, all the intellectuals and scholars agree won’t be welcomed by either the ruling regime or the Western allies. All in all, Islam and the Challenge of Democracy is the most thought provoking book ready to be explored and pondered in every religious and political arena of the Islamic world. WORKS CITED El Fadl, Abou Khaled. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy: Can individual rights and popular sovereignty take root in faith? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Health Care Communication Methods Essay

Communication Coordinators manage their company’s communication strategies. This includes internal (coworkers) and external (public) communication methods. They are in charge of releasing information and responding to any inquiries regarding the information. Communication Coordinators also manage event planning, communication budgets, and social media outlets. For this paper, I will assume the role of Communications Coordinator for a national drug manufacturer named â€Å"Pharmaco†. One of our medications at Pharmaco has recently been reported to cause significant negative effects among those prescribed. The medicine known as â€Å"Olaz† is prescribed to a large number of people. To make matters worse, there have been reports that a well-known public figure is counted amongst the effected. Negative feedback from this figure could lower the public opinion of Pharmaco and damage the company’s credibility. As Communications Coordinator, I am tasked with the r esponsibility of addressing news reports and the general public regarding the situation. Communication comes in a variety of forms including traditional, electronic, and social media. These forms all have their advantages and disadvantages. Each form must also adhere to rules and regulations such as the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Traditional media encompasses a wide range of communication mediums. This includes newspapers, magazines, outdoor billboards, direct mail, radio, and television. Most of the population will at least encounter one of these mediums during their day. Traditional media is advantageous because all of the mediums are one way forms of communication. This would give Pharmaco the ability to send a message to the public, without having to answer any questions immediately. While public interaction is inevitable, traditional media would allow time in-between delivery and feedback. This would give Pharmaco time to collect and prepare for public interaction. With traditional media it would also be fairly easy to adhere to H IPAA regulations because all the information delivered is scripted. Pharmaco  would have plenty of time to review the information and check for errors. This reduces the possibility of giving private information to the public. The disadvantage of traditional media is closely related to its advantages. Time in-between delivery and feedback can be costly. During this time the public could use other forms of media to discuss Pharmaco. Without the ability to defend itself, negative public opinion could increase. This in turn brings us to our next media type. Electronic media is a more advanced form of communication compared to traditional. It is also more interactive than traditional media. The most common form of electronic or â€Å"digital† media, is the internet. The internet is often utilized similarly to traditional media. Electronic media is advantageous because of the ever growing popularity and usage of the internet. People are now accessing the internet in the home through a fast-growing range of games consoles and Wi-Fi enabled tablets, smartphones and laptops, giving rise to a trend of â€Å"multi-screening† (Internet Usage on Rise, 2014). Broadcasting information with electronic media would extend Pharmaco’s audience. More people could be reached. Plus, it would be easy to keep information updated. Of course, it should be remembered that this type of media allows the public to be more interactive. Pharmaco must be aware of those who use computers to collect private material; hackers. We can create our own website that will allow us to interact with the public, however there is a potential for hackers who would aim at stealing our private information. They could even manipulate our site into giving out incorrect information. Furthermore, providers are subject to far more rigorous guidelines when patient history information is in electronic form (HIPAA Compliance, 2003). If we choose to use electronic media, it will be imperative to protect private information. This way we can abide by HIPAA regulations. If Pharmaco’s website is compromised, then there is the possibility that patient information could be a s well. Pharmaco should also consider social media. Social media is interaction between the public that takes place in virtual communities or networks. Two of the largest used social media websites on the internet are Facebook and Twitter. Both of the mediums allow users to stay in constant connection with one another. With social media Pharmaco would not have to worry about digital storage of its information. Everything we would want to express would be stored on someone else’s network. Social media would also allow us to stay  in constant contact with those that â€Å"follow† or â€Å"subscribe† to us. This is advantageous because it would give us the ability to instantly address public concerns. Coincidentally, the disadvantage of social media is the need for constant reviewing and updating. Furthermore, as with all forms of media, HIPAA regulations must be kept in mind. If we choose to use social media, HIPAA compliance must be addressed so that our company does not commit a violation. Patients should understand that personal health information should never be posted. Considering all the information that h as been reviewed, I suggest that Pharmaco utilize traditional and social media. First and foremost, the public needs to be addressed. A statement should be given to the press. The statement should let the public know that we are aware of the reports. It should also contain a sincere apology to all those who affected by our medication. The message should also inform the public that we are doing all we can to correct the situation. We should also have a forum where the public can go to ask questions. This is where I suggest social media. I believe Twitter would be the best way to go about this. Twitter would allow us to be brief and stay in constant connection with the public. It’s important for the public to feel as if we are always available. I also think it is best not to have a means of personal electronic media (website). All the information that could be related on our website can be just as easily relayed on social media. Furthermore, I find it beneficial to not broadcast a public address (I.P. address). This would only act as a gateway for a system that would ultimately be connected to our patient health records. With social media key staff should be selected to serve as the program’s page administrators; these people will be the gatekeepers for access to the program’s page (Walters-Salas, E., 2012). I also suggest that updates only be done twice or three times a day. This will allow us to control the conversation, rather than being continuously dominated by the public. Plus, it will allow page administrators the time to perform their normal tasks. In regards to the well-known public figure, we should not mention them in any of our communications. Patient information is private for everyone. We also don’t want to appear bias or more concerned with a single person’s condition. Our messages should constantly address those affected as a collective whole. I believe that this strategy is the best way to address this issue. I have identified the advantages and disadvantages of traditional, electronic, and social media. Private information and HIPAA regulations have also been addressed. My reasons for selecting my strategy has also been stated. This is a delicate scenario and it’s important that Pharmaco address it appropriately. References Bendix, J., M.A. (2013). New HIPAA rules. Medical Economics, 90(9), 14-16,18-20. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1370703200?accountid=458 Brown, J. (2013). How to master electronic communication with patients. Medical Economics, 90(7), 60-2, 64-7. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1367086304?accountid=458 Du Pre, A. (2004). Communicating About Health (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill HIPAA compliance. (2003). Corrections Forum, 12(1), 15-16. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214412170?accountid=458 Internet usage on rise. (2014, Jun 25). The Advocate Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1539432736?accountid=458 Walters-Salas, E. (2012). Social media and HIPAA compliance. Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care, 7(2), 85-86. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bar.2012.9984 Weinstock, B. (2003). HIPAA and computer security. PT, 11(7), 30-33. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216821722?accountid=458 Wendling, C. (2013). The use of social media in risk and crisis communication. (). Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1468437071?accountid=458

Music definition Essay Example

Music definition Essay Example Music definition Essay Music definition Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Music definition Sound is the sensation that is conceived by our ears. Sound is produced where a medium is disturbed leading to the movement and collision of the molecules of that medium (Robertson and Diskin, 2003). Sound occurs when the molecules travel in waveform causing vibrations as the molecules collide. For music to occur there must be production of sound. Humans produce sound in the larynx found in the human throat. This is possible due to the two stretches of tissue across the larynx called the vocal cords. They leave a small opening between them through which air passes through. On speech, larynx muscles tighten hence leading to variations in the pitch of an individual’s voice depending on the tightness of the cords (Robertson and Diskin, 2003). Sound can also be produced by musical instruments, which can lead to the production of a wide range of sounds. Music instruments can be categorized as percussions, i.e. those that need to be hit in order to produce sound e.g. drums. String instruments are another category that produces sound when they are plucked with the pitch being dependent on the thickness and length of the string examples being violins or guitars. Another category is wind instruments that produce music when the column of air inside the instrument vibrates, for example, in trumpets. Sound may be defined as noise when it is unpleasant or annoying to the listener. Music is the art of expression of ideas and emotions through the combination of vocal and/or instrumental sounds producing rhythmic and harmonious compositions. Music can be played through music instruments and these are devices made or adapted for the purpose of creation of rhythmic sounds. Music is also known as organized sound. Therefore, music is not a fact rather it is a meaning defined by individuals hence the definition varies from place to place. As stated earlier musical instruments may be percussions, string or wind instruments. An instrument has to serve a musical purpose and perform in production of rhythmic sound for it to qualify as a music instrument (Montagu, 2007). Music differs from normal sound as it has certain components known as elements. These include the beat and meter where beats are responsible for the rhythmic pattern of music, meter is the final rhythm produced when strong, and weak beats are grouped systematically. The number of beats in the rhythm determines meter where two beats are referred to as duple, three beats are triple and for beats are known as quadruple (FEM, 2009). Another element of music is dynamics that signify the degree of volume with the use of symbols or abbreviations. This ensures that the volume is at bearable and pleasant levels since it indicates when there is a volume change. Harmony is the third element of music that measures the relationship of the various music chords by creation of a kind of musical texture. Yet another significant element of music is the notation that is the symbols used in describing music on paper. The pitch is also an element of music that determines the lowness or highness of music. Pitch is lower where the vibration object is big or the vibration is low and vice versa. Tempo is an element that determines the speed at which music will be played from the beginning throughout. Therefore, the elements of music are what lead to the overall production of good music. Works cited Fundamental Elements of Music, SURVEY OF MUSIC. Online, 2009. Retrieved from slideshare.net/lwolberg/fundamental-elements-of-music Montagu, Jeremy. Origins and Development of Musical Instruments, The Scarecrow Press, 2007. Print. Robertson, William C., Brian Diskin, SOUND, Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia: NSTA Press, 2003. Print.

The History of the European Union

The History of the European Union The European Union (EU) was created by the Maastricht Treaty on Nov.  1, 1993. Its a political and economic union between European countries that sets policies concerning the members’ economies, societies, laws, and, to some extent, security. To some, the EU is an overblown bureaucracy that  drains money and compromises the power of sovereign states. For others, its the best way to meet challenges smaller nations might struggle with- such as economic growth and negotiations with larger nations- and worth surrendering some sovereignty to achieve. Despite many years of integration, opposition remains strong, but states have acted pragmatically, at times, to sustain  the union. Origins of the EU The EU  wasnt created in one go by the Maastricht Treaty  but was the result of gradual integration since 1945. The success of one level of union gave confidence and impetus for a next level. In this way, the EU can be said to have been formed by the demands of its member nations. The end of World War II  left Europe divided between the communist, Soviet-dominated eastern bloc and the largely democratic western nations. There were fears over what direction a rebuilt Germany would take. In the West, thoughts of a federal European union re-emerged with hopes of binding Germany into pan-European democratic institutions to the extent that it, or any other allied European nation, wouldn’t be able to start a new war and would resist the expansion of the communist East. The First Union: the ECSC Europe’s post-war nations weren’t just seeking  peace; they were also after solutions to economic problems, such as raw materials being in one country and the industry to process them in another. War had left Europe exhausted, with industry greatly damaged and defenses possibly unable to stop Russia. Six neighboring countries agreed in The Treaty of Paris to form an area of free trade for several key resources, including coal, steel, and iron ore, chosen for their role in industry and the military. This body was called the European Coal and Steel Community and involved Germany, Belgium, France, Holland, Italy, and Luxembourg. It began on July 23, 1952, and ended on July 23, 2002, replaced by further unions. France had suggested the ECSC to control Germany and to rebuild industry. Germany wanted to become an equal player in Europe again and rebuild its reputation, as did Italy, while the others hoped for growth and feared being left behind. France, afraid Britain would try to quash the plan, didn’t include it in initial discussions. Britain stayed out, wary of giving up power and content with the economic potential offered by the Commonwealth. A group of supranational (a level of governance above nation states) bodies was created  to manage the ECSC: a council of ministers, a common assembly, a high authority, and a court of justice to legislate, develop ideas, and resolve disputes. The later EU  would emerge  from these key bodies, a process that some of the ECSC’s creators had envisaged, as they explicitly stated creation of a federal Europe as their long-term goal. The European Economic Community A false step was taken in the mid-1950s when a proposed  European defense community among the ESSC’s six states was drawn up. It called for a joint army to be controlled by a new supranational defense minister. The initiative was rejected after France’s National Assembly voted it down. However, the success of the ECSC led to the members signing two new treaties in 1957, both called the treaty of Rome. This created the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), which was to pool knowledge of atomic energy, and the European Economic Community (EEC), with a common market among the members with no tariffs or impediments to the flow of labor and goods. It aimed to continue economic growth and avoid the protectionist policies of pre-war Europe. By 1970 trade within the common market had increased fivefold. Also created was the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to boost members farming and an end to monopolies. The CAP, which wasn’t based on a common market but on government subsidies to support local farmers, has become one of the most controversial EU policies.​ Like the ECSC, the EEC created several supranational bodies: a council of ministers to make decisions, a common assembly (called the European Parliament from 1962) to give advice, a court that could overrule member states, and a commission to put the policy into effect. The 1965 Brussels Treaty merged the commissions of the EEC, ECSC, and Euratom to create a joint, permanent civil service. Development A late 1960s power struggle established the need for unanimous agreements on key decisions, effectively giving member states a veto. It has been argued that this slowed union by two decades. Over the 70s and 80s, membership in the EEC expanded, allowing Denmark, Ireland, and the UK in 1973, Greece in 1981, and Portugal and Spain in 1986. Britain had changed its mind after seeing its economic growth lag behind the EECs, and after America indicated it would support Britain as a rival voice in the EEC to France and Germany. Ireland and Denmark, heavily dependent upon the UK economy, followed it in to keep pace and attempt to develop themselves away from Britain. Norway applied at the same time but withdrew after a referendum   failed. Meanwhile, member states began to see European integration as a way to balance the influence of Russia and America. Breakup? On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU and become the first member state to use a previously untouched release clause. As of 2016, there were 27 countries in the European Union (with year of joining): Austria (1995)Belgium (1957)Bulgaria (2007)Croatia (2013)Cyprus  (2004)Czech Republic (2004)Denmark (1973)Estonia  (2004)Finland  (1995)France  (1957)Germany  (1957)Greece (1981)Hungary  (2004)Ireland  (1973)Italy  (1957)Latvia  (2004)Lithuania  (2004)Luxembourg  (1957)Malta  (2004)The Netherlands  (1957)Poland  (2004)Portugal  (1986)Romania (2007)Slovakia  (2004)Slovenia  (2004)Spain (1986)Sweden  (1995) The development of the EU  slowed in the 70s, frustrating federalists who sometimes refer to it as a dark age. Attempts to create an economic and monetary union were drawn up but derailed by the declining international economy. However, impetus returned by the 80s, partly because of fears that Reagan’s U.S. was moving away from Europe and preventing EEC members from forming links with  Communist countries  in an attempt to slowly bring them back into the democratic fold. Foreign policy became an area for consultation and group action. Other funds and bodies were created including the European Monetary System in 1979 and methods of giving grants to underdeveloped areas. In 1987 the Single European Act (SEA) evolved the EEC’s role a step further. Now European Parliament members were given the ability to vote on legislation and issues, with the number of votes dependent on each member’s population. The Maastricht Treaty and the European Union On Feb.  7, 1992, European integration moved another step further when the Treaty on European Union,   known as the Maastricht Treaty, was signed. This came into force on Nov. 1, 1993, and changed the EEC into the newly named European Union. The change broadened the work of the supranational bodies based around three â€Å"pillars†: the European Communities, giving more power to the European parliament; a common security/foreign policy; and involvement in the domestic affairs of member nations on â€Å"justice and home affairs.† In practice, and to pass the mandatory unanimous vote, these were all compromises away from the unified ideal. The EU also set guidelines for creation of a single currency, although when this was introduced in 1999 three nations opted out and one failed to meet the required targets. Currency and economic reform were now being driven largely by the fact that the U.S. and Japanese economies were growing faster than Europe’s, especially after expanding quickly into the new developments in electronics. There were objections from poorer member nations, which wanted more money from the union, and larger nations, which wanted to pay less; a compromise was eventually reached. One planned side effect of the closer economic union and the creation of a single market was the greater co-operation in social policy that would have to occur as a result. The Maastricht Treaty also formalized the concept of EU citizenship, allowing any individual from an EU nation to run for office in their government, which was also changed to promote decision-making. Perhaps most controversially, the EU’s entrance into domestic and legal matters- which produced the Human Rights Act and overrode many member states’ local laws- produced rules relating to free movement within the EU’s borders, leading to paranoia about mass migrations from poorer EU nations to richer ones. More areas of members’ government were affected than ever before, and the bureaucracy expanded. The Maastricht Treaty faced heavy opposition, only narrowly passing in France and forcing  a vote in the UK. Further Enlargements In 1995 Sweden, Austria, and Finland joined, while in 1999 the Treaty of Amsterdam came into effect, bringing employment, working and living conditions, and other social and legal issues into the EU. By then Europe was facing great changes caused by the collapse of the Soviet dominated East and the emergence of economically weakened but newly democratic eastern nations. The 2001 Treaty of Nice tried to prepare for this, and a number of states entered into special agreements in which they initially joined parts of the EU system, such as the free trade zones. There were discussions over streamlining voting and modifying the CAP, especially as Eastern Europe had a much higher percentage of the population involved in agriculture than the West, but in the end financial worries prevented change. While there was opposition,  10 nations joined in 2004 and two in 2007. By this time there had been agreements to apply majority voting to more issues, but national vetoes remained on tax, security, and other issues. Worries over international crime, as criminals had formed effective cross-border organizations, were now acting as an impetus. The Lisbon Treaty The EU’s level of integration is unmatched in the modern world. Some want to move it closer still, though many don’t. The Convention on the Future of Europe was created in 2002 to write an EU constitution. The draft, signed in 2004, aimed to install a permanent EU president, a foreign minister, and a charter of rights. It would have also allowed the EU to make many more decisions instead of the heads’ of the individual members. It was rejected in 2005, when France and the Netherlands failed to ratify it and before other EU members got the chance to vote. An amended work, the Lisbon Treaty, still aimed to install an EU president and foreign minister, as well as expand the EU’s legal powers, but only through developing the existing bodies. This was signed in 2007 but initially rejected, this time by voters in Ireland. However, in 2009 Irish voters passed the treaty, many concerned about the economic effects of saying no. By the winter of 2009 all 27 EU states had ratified the process, and it took effect. Herman Van Rompuy, at that time Belgium prime minister, became the first president of the European Council, and Britain’s Baroness Catherine Ashton became high representative for foreign affairs. There remained many political opposition parties- and politicians in the ruling parties- that opposed the treaty, and the EU remains a divisive issue in the politics of all member nations.

Abraham  Lincoln  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the  statesman  of  the  USA,  one of the founders of the Republican Party, the 16th US president who freed the slaves, the national American hero – was born in village Hodgenville (Kentucky) on February 12, 1809. Due to the fact that he was born in a family of farmer with meager income, Abraham was unable to get a good education, he went to school for no more than a year and, from an early age, got used to the physical work. At the age of eight with his parents the boy moved to a district in the state of Indiana, where was no closer schools. Nevertheless, little Lincoln learned to read and write and was very fond of reading.For  him  itbecame  a  helper  in  a  zealous  self-education  and  favouritepastime  forever. The young Lincoln had a chance to try a variety of occupations – laborer, carpenter, postman, and woodsman. In 1830 their family moved to New Salem (Illinois), and Abraham worked as a surveyor, a clerk in a small commercial shop. During the Indian War of â€Å"Black Falcons† Lincoln went to volunteer in the militia, as Indians at one time killed his grandparents (paternal). He was chosen as a captain, but he did not serve for a long time and did not have a chance to take a part in battles. Working during the years of 1833-1836 as a postmaster, Lincoln simultaneously was studying law. He has passed an exam and in 1836 received permission to practice law, which he was engaged in the further years. In this field he succeeded and became one of the best lawyers in the state, at one time, he even worked for the railroad â€Å"Illinois Central† as a consultant. Qualities of wit, integrity, honesty contributed to his confident professional growth and strengthening of the authority. The political biography of Lincoln began in the early 30s with an unsuccessful attempt to take a seat in the State of the House of Representatives. However, in 1835 young Abraham Lincoln was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Illinois, where he adjacent to the Whig party. Until 1842, he was a Chairman of the Finance Committee and one of the most known persons in their party. The next step in his political career was the election in 1847 to the US Congress. Lincoln fought for the expansion of political and civil rights of the broad masses of the population, for ensuring that women got the right to vote. Fighting with the slavery, the politician advocated the stop of the spread of slavery throughout the country. In 1854, Lincoln acted as one of the organizers of the Republican Party. In 1858, he became a candidate for the US Senate, but could not win the election. The end of the 50-th of the 19-th century was a turning point in Lincoln’s life. Actively participating in political disputes, he gained widespread popularity in the country. Giving speeches in different parts of the country, Lincoln showed himself as an intelligent and cautious politician. He did not support the request of the abolition of slavery and sought to prevent civil war by all means. At the meeting of the Republican Party in Chicago, Lincoln was nominated for president. Then, the tough struggle with candidates of Democratic Party, who supported the slaveholders of the South, began. Get high quality custom written essay just for $10 In 1860, Lincoln was elected for US President, he was at the head of country from March,1861 untill April,1865. South responded to his appointment by the separation, despite the fact that the new president had a moderate position against slavery ; the Civil War (1861-1865) has started in the country. Adopted in May 1862 the so-called homestead acts, granting US citizens land plots, has become a powerful blow to the slave system and helped to solve the agrarian question. December 30, 1862 the president signed the â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation†, thanks to which from the yoke of slavery 4 million man was released. In 1863, government troops have won big, turning victory, which allowed to finally break the resistance of the South and to restore the unity of the nation. In 1864, Lincoln’s re-election for a second term was held, even though he doubted the correctness of the decision to run his candidacy again, moreover, some political forces opposed this as well. In April 14, 1865 Lincoln, who was in Washington at Ford’s Theater on the play, was wounded: he got shot by the actor John W. Booth, a supporter of the Confederate slave-owners. Without regaining consciousness, in the morning of April 15th, Lincoln died and became the first killed US president. During his innings he was constantly exposed to harsh critical attacks, however, as the results of opinion polls, Lincoln is still ranked among the most beloved by people and the best, as well as intelligent, in his opinion, the country’s presidents. Death of Abraham LÃ'â€"nkoln literally shocked the whole World. An endless stream of people went to the White House to say goodbye to the man who led the country through the hardest crisis by uniting the supporters of the unity of the country and the abolition of slavery. Retaining the united country, the United States could eventually become a leading power in the world. In assessing the merits of Lincoln, the great Russian writer LTolstoy said: â€Å"He was the same as Beethoven was in music, Dante in poetry, Raphael in painting, Christ in the philosophy of life.† Rely on professional writers with your college paper and take a load off your mind. Relax while we are working on your essay. Your peace of mind is just one click away

The Case Colomo vs Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Case Colomo vs Bonds - Essay Example Colomo’s mother then called the two students and in the process lectured Fuller for his actions as well as told Victoria to avoid Fuller and made sure she did not walk alone on the campus. Fuller had also threatened Victoria twice which had led to his suspension from the school, and Victoria was assigned an escort. Other methods on campus were used to keep the two separated. Colomo’s mother also brought this point forward claiming that the school had been indifferent when dealing with the first case. Under this, the courts ruled that if the ‘harasser’ acted in a way that makes the ‘harasser’ be denied of the rights to proper education, school management, and the board would have acted indifferently if they had full awareness of the happenings of the case. However, the student had maintained stable grades since the case was based on the victim’s mother believes that the school acted indifferently in solving the matter. The case was thrown out for lack of evidence. The issues in the case were that Victoria’s mother thought that her daughter was being deprived of the educational opportunities she was supposed to have. The case involved sexual harassment on a school campus and the court had to define what defined what sexual harassment was. Rather than there being a decision in the case, it was dismissed. It was added to the rules of the school that this was not â€Å"severe, pervasive and objectively offensive† to an extent that it can constitute a violation of the Title IX of the school rules. The reason that the case was dismissed was that the members of the court there was an act of intentional indifference. It might have been probable that the victim mother acted on her own terms to protect her daughter. According to the law, there is no course of action against the school.

Shift from mass production to lean production in craftsmen industry Thesis Proposal

Shift from mass production to lean production in craftsmen industry - Thesis Proposal Example The waste-elimination notion of producing in the lean method has conveyed important influences on diverse industries. Frequent devices and methods have been evolved to undertake exact difficulties in alignment to eradicate non-value-added undertakings and turn out to be lean. When the producers started thinking about taking up the leaner procedures, they did not pay much attention and the concept lost importance. Several metrics of lean production have been evolved for assessing the presence and following the improvements of lean manufacturing systems. However, if we look at each metric individually, focusing on an exact presentation facet will not comprise the general leanness stage (Elliott 2004). On the other hand, people practicing lean methods usually employ self-assessment devices to portray the present rank of their arrangement. However, reviews are prejudiced, and the predefined lean stages of a questionnaire may not adjust every scheme perfectly. Overview of Avandad Trading Company Solid surface fabrication and installation need a particular knowledge and ability. â€Å"Avandad is the first company to have introduced the solid surface products and services into Iran. It is at present dynamically involved in fabricating â€Å"solid surface products such as kitchen counter tops, bathroom sinks, commercial counters, etc†. Avandad was formed in 2003 and in an endeavor to present excellence in products; Avandad has selected poly-stone as its strategic associate and foremost provider of material.

Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Othello - Essay Example ful reevaluation of the play points to the fact that the ultimate victim in this classic play by Shakespeare is not Desdemona but Brabantio – Desdemona’s father. Brabantio, a Venetian Senator, awoke one night from a commotion brought about by Iago and Roderigo as they notify him that Desdemona has absconded with the "black ram" or "Barbary horse," or Othello. The two men tells the senator that the "lascivious Moor" has taken Desdemona and she has "made a gross revolt,/ Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes/ In an extravagant and wheeling stranger/ Of here and every where (1.1.126-137)." When sense that his daughter is not in her bed, he ensues to place the culpability on his daughter and likewise blames Othello. Most critics would argue that Brabantio should have blamed himself more that anyone else (Hageman 67). On the other hand, Brabantio is deceived by the two, eloping without his consent. Brabantio’s sensibilities are injured by this act as first, he is a respected senator in Venice, and second, he is the father of a girl who ran away with a person he considered friend. Embarrassed and furious, Brabantio anxiously cries out t o Roderigo, "O unhappy girl!--/ With the Moor, sayst thou?--Who would be a father!--/ How didst thou know twas she?---O, she deceives me/ Past thought!......O treason of the blood!/ Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters minds/ By what you see them act (1.1.163-171)." Brabantio’s initial reaction demonstrates fury as he suffers betrayal from Desdemona, the daughter he adores. The words "treason of the blood" are particularly significant as they propose not only an act of unjustifiable trickery but also a profundity of fervor for his daughter – which in effect, a trickery he fails to grasp. Eventually, he illustrates Desdemonas temperament as "A maiden, never bold;/ Of spirit so still and quiet that her motion/ Blushd at herself (1.3.94-96)." Brabantio asks himself how the two are able to deceive him. Failing to

Constructualism and Deontology Frameworks in Business Ethics Essay

Constructualism and Deontology Frameworks in Business Ethics - Essay Example The care theory has recently depicted to have begun to gain universalist credentials it previously lacked and not to be subject to the limitations of other two paradigms in some key aspects; but that it still carries a conceptual development to do in order to become a practical framework for global business ethics. Weber (1926) argued that most people’s moral decisions are guided by one of two quite different personal frameworks; the ethnics of conviction or responsibility. Conviction covers what one believes to be right, but is normally trumped by responsibility which is what one actually does, on the rationalization of needing to keep the family fed. Conviction resonates with justice, responsibility resonates with care. This doesn’t mean that ethics of conviction indicates lack of responsibility, or ethics of responsibility a lack of conviction. This shows the divide between private and public life, between our office and family, Kohlberg’s framework resolves t his in favour of the public and private. Contractarianism has the conviction ethic that honouring agreements is generally good, but also bears the responsibility ethic that moral commitments arise only from contractual privities between specific individuals including those signing marriage contracts. Contractarian theories are usually placed at only stage five of Kohlberg’s six stage paradigm; at stage six are deontic ethical frameworks illustrated by Kant’s unconditional imperative. Deontic rules are universal and general. Contractarian rules are specific and apply to people who have accepted them previously. The common perspective is that the positions they occupy are as a result of reasoned deliberation, without necessarily sourcing in emotion. Both frameworks attributed to hypothetical states of nature in which people coolly reason among them, which sets of rules will be minimally essential for the life or projects that they are about to board. Kohlberg stage three origins is more soberly viewed as compromising and it’s core of integrated social contract theory to that dominance wholly depends much on a very problematic strength of inner morality of contracts. Van Oosterhout et al (2006) attempts to advance their ambition to stigmatize other contract theoreticians as distress from â€Å"contractual follies†. He further clarifies that the four â€Å"contractual follies† all displays deception, defeasance, mellifluous alliteration and defection. This is unusual happy linguistic fluke. Writers give the occasional baseless assertion amongst an otherwise heavily argued and stranded citation text. Discourse manipulation is beyond more vocal cosmetics and very critical to the writers’ thesis. Contractualism and contractarianism, entails prior commitments to individualism, freedom, private property rights and possibility of free market exchange. The approach involves dedication to reasonableness and basic institutions, ack nowledging foundational and privileged role of reasoned and voluntary human responsibility. Before Van Oosterhout, contractualism was originally explained by Dunfee & Donaldson (1994) as lying in the middle of ethical relativism and ethical absolutism in a manner that combines private contracts with deeper societal contracts. It recognizes the power of such key trans-cultural truths as the idea that all humans be worthy of respect. It resides in a ‘moral free space’ where fiscal communities and nations have their own

How can software companies such as Logica win the war for talent Essay

How can software companies such as Logica win the war for talent - Essay Example Hence, there is no correlation between innate skills and top performance. â€Å"Practice makes perfect,† it is always true that perfection comes through practice. Talent can be developed to a very great level. Over the recent past, the IT industry has seen an incredible increase in hiring because of the growing trend towards outsourcing. Large IT companies are growing in their employee number. Many companies have put forth new concepts and ideas to win the war for talent. In today’s knowledge economy, a company’s talent force greatly determines the company’s success in the market. But it is highly difficult to retain or attract skilled employees. Though the senior management in major companies believes that winning the war for talent is highly complex, few do believe that the steps taken in today’s IT world will surely help in winning the war for talent. We will discuss below on how the quest for the rightly skilled talent has been dealt with by man y major software companies (Elizabeth et al. 2007) across the globe. The War for Talent Talent is something that is worth fighting for. It is always tough to retain superior talents. This has always been the case in most of the software companies. This results in the shortage of skilled staff to work on major assignments. The war for talent starts right from the junior level up to the senior management. Companies can win this chiefly by elevating talent management. Though many companies have taken this seriously, there are others who have already started facing troubles finding or retaining skilled workforce. This would be a great challenge even for large companies. There are various reasons for this: (a) Today’s most complex economy demands high-level talent with technological literacy, ability to manage work pressure during crisis, entrepreneurial skills, etc. (b) The emergence of smaller companies which target the same skilled workforce that are sought by larger companies. Smaller companies pull in more executive talent giving them greater opportunities in terms of money and growth. (c) Also the tendency to shift jobs frequently has increased amongst executives recently. This was not the case in early times when a talented executive would have changed employers just once or twice in his/her entire career. (d) In the past few years, executive talent has been given the least priority by many large organizations. It is only recently that larger companies have started to visualize problems that could emerge if they were short of skilled force. Companies have now started becoming conscious of retaining their talents and have understood that employees are their key assets. This pictorial representation below shows the various reasons that make employees to switch over companies (Michaels 2001). Building Talent Most companies do agree that they need to have the right talent in the right place. Companies generally apply the strategy of talent acquisition, pr ogress and retention. They seek ways to make sure that they have the right talent that is needed to boost their company’s performance in future. Enhancing the skills of their workforce is the best way companies opt to build and retain their skilled force. This is the fundamental for the growth and strength of any organization. By understanding and doing best to improve the skills in-house, companies will be able to gather talented, motivated and energized workforce. It is the

Setting plays a crucial role in both of these stories. Discuss the Essay

Setting plays a crucial role in both of these stories. Discuss the importance of setting and how it contributes to the stories plots and resolutions - Essay Example the fifth or sixth month of his seclusion, and while the pestilence raged most furiously abroad, that the Prince Prospero entertained his thousand friends at a masked ball of the most unusual magnificence†(Poe, 251). This is a significant contrast of events occurring simultaneously, a deadly disease and a magnificent ball. The story essentially follows Prince Prospero from his seclusion to the time of his marvelous masquerade at his abbey. It is within his abbey that Prince Prospero desperately tries to hide himself from the horrible â€Å"red death†, but is eventually victim to death at his very own masquerade within his abbey. This is ultimately a setting of hiding and a contrast between reality and human disillusionment. Despite his efforts to avoid the â€Å"red death†, Prince Prospero succumbs to inevitable fate within the very bungalow that he used as a hiding place from a would be death. Ultimately, the setting of this piece is a grand disillusionment on the part of the Prince. In the piece written by Susan Glaspell, Trifles, the reader finds a more elemental setting. This piece introduces itself within the kitchen of a now abandoned farmhouse. This is of course the farmhouse kitchen of the Wright’s, and a very unkempt kitchen at that. This is a clue to the chaos of the situation that plays out within the piece, â€Å"The kitchen in the now abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, a gloomy kitchen, and left without having been put in order - the walls covered with a faded wallpaper†(Glaspell, 1290). The setting that the reader finds in Trifles is more realistic and conducive to the plot than that of the setting of The Masque of the Red Death. Trifles is an illustration of a woman pushed entirely too far and too long by her husband. Finally, she murders her husband and naturally, the kitchen is a mess. The entirety of the piece takes place within the home of the Wrights, a simple farmhouse showing signs of a tremulous marriage at best. The clichà ©

How can software companies such as Logica win the war for talent Essay

How can software companies such as Logica win the war for talent - Essay Example Hence, there is no correlation between innate skills and top performance. â€Å"Practice makes perfect,† it is always true that perfection comes through practice. Talent can be developed to a very great level. Over the recent past, the IT industry has seen an incredible increase in hiring because of the growing trend towards outsourcing. Large IT companies are growing in their employee number. Many companies have put forth new concepts and ideas to win the war for talent. In today’s knowledge economy, a company’s talent force greatly determines the company’s success in the market. But it is highly difficult to retain or attract skilled employees. Though the senior management in major companies believes that winning the war for talent is highly complex, few do believe that the steps taken in today’s IT world will surely help in winning the war for talent. We will discuss below on how the quest for the rightly skilled talent has been dealt with by man y major software companies (Elizabeth et al. 2007) across the globe. The War for Talent Talent is something that is worth fighting for. It is always tough to retain superior talents. This has always been the case in most of the software companies. This results in the shortage of skilled staff to work on major assignments. The war for talent starts right from the junior level up to the senior management. Companies can win this chiefly by elevating talent management. Though many companies have taken this seriously, there are others who have already started facing troubles finding or retaining skilled workforce. This would be a great challenge even for large companies. There are various reasons for this: (a) Today’s most complex economy demands high-level talent with technological literacy, ability to manage work pressure during crisis, entrepreneurial skills, etc. (b) The emergence of smaller companies which target the same skilled workforce that are sought by larger companies. Smaller companies pull in more executive talent giving them greater opportunities in terms of money and growth. (c) Also the tendency to shift jobs frequently has increased amongst executives recently. This was not the case in early times when a talented executive would have changed employers just once or twice in his/her entire career. (d) In the past few years, executive talent has been given the least priority by many large organizations. It is only recently that larger companies have started to visualize problems that could emerge if they were short of skilled force. Companies have now started becoming conscious of retaining their talents and have understood that employees are their key assets. This pictorial representation below shows the various reasons that make employees to switch over companies (Michaels 2001). Building Talent Most companies do agree that they need to have the right talent in the right place. Companies generally apply the strategy of talent acquisition, pr ogress and retention. They seek ways to make sure that they have the right talent that is needed to boost their company’s performance in future. Enhancing the skills of their workforce is the best way companies opt to build and retain their skilled force. This is the fundamental for the growth and strength of any organization. By understanding and doing best to improve the skills in-house, companies will be able to gather talented, motivated and energized workforce. It is the

Determination of Dissolved Oxygen In a Water Essay Example for Free

Determination of Dissolved Oxygen In a Water Essay INTRODUCTION In an alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) to the trivalent state. 8OH-(aq) + 4Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) ï ¼ Ã¯ ¼ Ã¯ ¼Å¾ 4Mn(OH)3(s) The analysis is completed by titrating the iodine produced from potassium iodide by manganese(III) hydroxide. 2Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) ï ¼ Ã¯ ¼ Ã¯ ¼Å¾ 2Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 6H2O(l) Sodium thiosulphate is used as the titrant. Success of the method is critically dependent upon the manner in which the sample is manipulated. At all stages, every method must be made to assure that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the sample. Furthermore, the sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize iodide or reduce iodine. Chemicals: Manganese(II) sulphate solution – prepared by dissolving 48 g of MnSO4.4H2O in water to five 100 cm3 solution; alkaline potassium iodide solution—prepared by dissolving 15 g of KI in about 25 cm3 of water, adding 66 cm3 of 50% NaOH, and diluting to 100 cm3; concentrated sulphuriv(VI) acid; 0.0125 M sodium thiosulphate solution; starch solution (freshly prepared). Apparatus: 250 cm3 volumetric flask, 250 cm3 conical flask, measuring cylinders, titration apparatus, magnetic stirrer Procedure: 1.Use a 250 cm3 volumetric flask to collect water sample. Fill the flask completely with water without trapping any air bubbles. 2.Add 1 cm3 of manganese(II) sulphate solution to the sample using a pipette. Discharge the solution well below the surface (some overflow will occur). 3.Similarity introduce 1 cm3 of alkaline potassium iodide solution. Be sure that no air becomes entrapped. Invert the bottle to distribute the precipitate uniformly. [Hazard Warning: Care should be taken to avoid exposure to any overflow, as the solution is quite alkaline.] 4.When the precipitate has  settled at least 3 cm below the stopper, introduce 1 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid well below the surface. Replace the stopper and carefully mix until the precipitate disappears. A magnetic stirrer is helpful here. 5.Allow the mixture to stand for 5 minutes and then withdraw 100cm3 of the acidified sample into a 250 cm3 conical flask. 6.Titrate with 0.0125M sodium thiosulphate until the iodine colour bec omes faint. Then add 1 cm3 of starch solution and continue adding the thiosulphate solution until the blue colour disappears. 7.Record the volume of thiosulphate solution used and calculate the dissolved oxygen content in the sample in mg dm-3. Remarks 1.If the water sample has a low DO value, it is recommended to withdraw 200 cm3 of the acidified sample into a 500 cm3 flask for the titration describe in step 5. 2.This experiment can be further developed into a project to study the extent of water pollution. (a)The water sample under investigation is divided into two portions. One portion of the sample is immediately analysed for dissolving oxygen using the Winkler method. The other portion is stored in the dark for five days. (b)Repeat the analysis with the water sample that has been stored in the dark for five days. The difference between the two measurements is the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), measured in mg dm-3.

Thomsons Argument Of The Trolley Problem Philosophy Essay

Thomsons Argument Of The Trolley Problem Philosophy Essay A utilitarian is concerned with providing the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people, so in this first case a utilitarian would agree with Thomson and would say that it is mandatory to pull the lever and save the greater number of people. An opposing view would say that pulling the lever constitutes as a moral wrong, and would make the bystander partially responsible for the death. One has a moral obligation to get involved in these cases just by being present in the scenario and being able to change the outcome. Deciding to do nothing would be considered an immoral act if one values five lives more than one. In the first case, the bystander does not intend to harm anyone; the harm will be done regardless of which way the trolley goes. In the second case, pushing and harming the large man is the only way to save the five people on the trolley. in contrast, Thomson argues that a key distinction between the first trolley problem and the second case is that in the first case, you simply redirect the harm, but in the second case, you actually have to do something to the large man to save the five workers. Thomson states that in the first case, no worker has more of a right than the other not to be killed, but in the second case, the large man does have a right not to be pushed over the bridge, violating his right to life. To put the first trolley case in a different perspective I will present a similar case. Something has gone terribly wrong on an airplane and is inevitably about to crash and is heading straight to a heavily populated area. The airplane pilot knows that regardless innocent people will die so he turns the plane towards a less populated area, killing less innocent people. Was the pilots action to steer the plane in a different direction morally permissible? Thomson would say that the pilots actions were correct, because the greater populated are has the same right to live as the less populated area, and you are merely deflecting the harm to kill less people which is morally permissible because no rights have been violated. Thomson presents an alternative case to the second trolley problem to better illustrate her argument. In this case, a surgeon has 5 patients that are all in need of organ transplants, and they will die without the organ, but since they all have a rare blood type there are no organs available. A traveler comes into the office for a check up, and the doctor discovers that this traveler has the necessary organs that could save these five dying patients. The doctor asks the traveler if he would donate and but he sincerely declines. Would it be morally permissible for the doctor to kill the bystander and operate anyway? Thomson would argue that it is not permissible to operate on the traveler, because the doctor would be violating his right to life. This differs from the first trolley case because in the first case you are simply deflecting the harm as opposed to the second trolley case, and the transplant case, you have to act and do something to an innocent person in order to save the f ive people. In the first case none of the workers have more of a right than the other not to be killed, but in the second case the large man has a right not to be killed. In the transplant case, a utilitarian is concerned with the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, so just like in the first case where a utilitarian would say to pull the lever to kill one and save five, he would do the same in the transplant case to kill one and save five. Thomson disagrees and states that in the first case killing one is a side effect of killing five, in the transplant case you are violating a persons right where the act could have been avoided to begin with. Thomson states that killing is worse a death caused by letting someone die. In the first trolley case it would seem rational to agree that the person is morally obligated to pull the lever and save the five people. In the second case, the person should not be forced to push the large man onto the track because in this case he is killing the man to save the others where as in the first case it is inevitably one or the other. It would also seem rational that the doctor should not kill the man for the transplant because it is similar to the second case. Although in every case you are sacrificing one to save five, there are situations where it is not morally permissible to kill the one person, such as the second case and the transplant case. In these case the persons right to life is violated, and therefore would make it morally permissible to kill them. In order for Thomson to justify her opinions she needs to identify the differences in both cases that is strong enough to make a valid argument. In short, Thomson identifies that in both cases there is an innocent bystander who is not responsible in any of the events, but has the opportunity to get involved in order to save five people instead of the one. She assumes that there is no relationship or tension at all between the bystander and the workers so he has a clear mind on what his decision should be. Thomson states that we need to focus on the rights of the people as a means to an end relationship between the bystander and the workers. She argues that in both cases the bystander does wrong to the person whose life he chooses to sacrifice, but in the second case where the bystander pushes the large man, there is a direct violation of his rights. By performing the act of pushing, the bystander is directly violating on the large mans right not to be killed. This differs from the fi rst case where the bystander pulls a lever to kill one and save five, because it does not violate the single workers rights; diverting a train does not violate anyones rights, but pushing an innocent man does. Thomson feels that this explains why the bystander is allowed to intervene by pulling the lever because the bystander can maximize the utility without violating anyones rights, whereas in the second case, in order to maximize utility the bystander would have to violate someones rights. The problem arises that in the first case, although the bystander is not directly violating the single workers right, he is indirectly violating his right not to be killed. Thomson replies to this concern by saying that although this is true but it being direct or indirect is not relevant when a persons right not to be killed is concerned.

Discourse Analysis Essay -- Communication, Identity Work

Analysing discourse is often used by social scientist as an interpretive study of real-life situations, because of its ecological validity (Byford, 2009, p. 198). An article, (which will be referred to as text) taken from the Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council website (cited in Open University, 2010, pp. 25-26), will be analysed in this essay. Firstly, by establishing some of the discourses and then summarising areas of ‘identity work’, which is ‘the performance of identity in (the details of) talk, including how the speaker positions her or himself’ (Taylor, 2009, p. 186). ‘Discourse is a set of ideas that are shared by (some) members of society, creates identity positions and gives a certain view of how the society functions and practices are positively or negatively valued’ (Taylor, 2009, p. 185). The views and identity positions that people hold can be formed in many ways and urbanisation is a good example of how values are connected between people and place in the countryside and in cities. Steve Hinchliffe (2009, p. 224) explains how people are seduced by an ‘imaginary’ of rural life and that people’s opinions of city life are often disconnected. They can associate higher crime, pollution and violence, in cities, opposed to, rolling hills, clean air and a relaxed way of living in the countryside. Yet, during urbanisation, in the 1830s, many moved from rural areas, to take up residence in cities. And although the attraction to move to urban areas was complex, Hinchliffe (2009, p. 210) points out, cities seemed attr active, they gave opportunities to earn a living wage and increase prosperity even if it was mainly through manufacturing. The text from Blaenau Gwent plays on the myth (discourse) of the idyllic countryside,... ... to these facts. Firstly, it allows visitors to buy into the rural life as it states there are ‘a number of great places to visit, stay and enjoy’ giving the opportunity to act out a personal identity and gain pleasure from the area. Secondly, the constant use of adjectives throughout the text, helps to construct a positive image of the area ‘impression management’ as Goffman suggests. Overall, we can see how the text uses discourses and the photograph also confirms this, by showing a rural and scenic view of the area. Identities are complex and are made up of more than one thing at a given time, they are not mutually exclusive. The performance of identity in the text is aimed at those who have limited knowledge of Blaenau Gwent. It is a ‘snap shot’ trying to persuade and convince the reader, which aims to attract tourists rather than merely present the facts.

By the Waters of Babylon and Planet of the Apes :: By the Waters of Babylon Essays

By the Waters of Babylon and Planet of the Apes Comparitive Essay      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The short story by the waters of Babylon and the movie planet of the apes were both futuristic stories.   They also both showed the evil sides of today’s man and the chaos and mass destruction that we are capable of accomplishing.   They portrayed today’s man as selfish, violent, and full of hate and rage.   By the waters of Babylon was written from the point of view of a boy close to becoming a man who knew nothing of his past civilization.   Whereas in the movie planet of the apes it was from the point of view of a man that had come nearly directly from that past civilization.   The main people in charge keep knowledge from the public so they do not know the evils that they are capable of as to protect them from making the same mistake.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both stories our present civilization had destroyed the earth, as we now know it and had killed most of the humans.   The cause of these catastrophes in both stories was suspected to be from nuclear war.   These places were the nuclear bombs had supposably hit could not grow food and had no signs of life and were called the forbidden zones.   The main people in charge did not allow people to go into these so-called forbidden places.   In the story by the waters of Babylon the people in charge were called the high priests.   In the movie the planet of the apes the main people in charge were the elder apes and Dr. Zayus.   In both stories their reasons for having the forbidden zones were similar they wanted to hide the past from them so they do not do it again.   One last strange similarity is that they both took place in New York City or in that area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In by the waters of Babylon the main character and narrator was a boy on the verge of manhood.   He was in a culture that resembled that of medieval times.   Their culture had many tales, stories, good spirits, evil spirits, and magic.   He was the son of a high priest, he called himself John.   High priests made up the rules, purified evil objects and knew everything about everything.     As the high priest’s son he himself wanted to become a good priest but to become one he had to look at the place of gods with his own eyes.

Physician Assisted Suicide

Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and euthanasia is a widely debated and controversial topic in our society. It is believed that the principle of PAS and euthanasia portrays, â€Å"merciful acts that deliver terminally ill patients from painful and protracted death† (page 477, column 2). In the paper, â€Å"Physician-Assisted Suicide: A Tragic View,† John D. Arras discusses the subject and states that while he agrees with patients making decisions, implementing laws supporting PAS and euthanasia is a huge threat to our social order.However, John D. Arras also concludes that he does not disapprove with the possibility of having a legislative policy in favor of PAS/euthanasia, only if there is â€Å"sufficient evidence of reliability of various safeguards† (page 477, column 2). To begin, it is important to look at the possibility of PAS and euthanasia being a positive practice in our medical profession. John D. Arras looks at a situation which poses a patient suffer ing from uncontrolled pain by having the physician ignore their decisions amongst life and death.He mentions that physicians may contribute to â€Å"suicide and suicidal ideation† (page 478, column 1) which is statistically shown in over fifty percent of cancer patients who suffer from uncontrolled pain that is often brought on by untreated depression. In this situation however, if patient is given control of their own lives and obtain adequate psychiatric and palliative care to treat depression, it is assumed that most would lose interest in PAS/euthanasia. Using a similar example, there will always be a small amount of patients who may have pain that cannot be treated, for these patients J.Arras believes that present law on PAS/euthanasia can represent an impossible barrier to a distinguished and decent death. In comparison to the argument above, there are more objections towards the legalization of PAS and euthanasia because it is widely seen as â€Å"inherently immoral, as violations of the moral rule against killing the innocent† (page 477, column 2). With this being said, J. Arras argues that objections cumulate through having a patient decide if they should live or die and having liberalization occur.His first argument concludes that, the practice of PAS would be almost impossible to keep within reasonable boundaries and that there must be a line drawn between active euthanasia. Instead, legalization of PAS entails a â€Å"wholesomely modest policy agenda,† (page 478, column 1) that limits reforms to only a certain group of individuals therefore excluding those who are actually terminally ill and are suffering. In fact, legalization poses a threat towards how society looks at patient autonomy and mercy, because fatal illnesses would be hard to confirm. An example of this situation is mentioned by J.Arras as he evaluates the fact that if one individual does not find value to living his life how does that differ from a patient who is ill with cancer. Proving that situation, it is seen that legalization of PAS has many flaws, one of which includes discrimination against patients if active euthanasia is banned. It would also cause more harm than good if the physician does not take into consideration the patient’s state of mind. By allocating patients with suitable palliative care, physicians would be able to â€Å"distinguish fact from fiction in the ethics and law of pain relief† (page 482, column 2).

Conflicting Perspectives Essay

Composers are able to evoke in the audience certain reactions to characters or events in their texts by presenting conflicting perspectives on different issues through the manipulation of the language forms and features of their medium, often communicating their own ideas about issues in question, which results in the creation of meaning within their texts. (?). David Guterson in his 1995 novel Snow Falling on Cedars (Snow) and Henry Bean in his 2001 film The Believer (Believer) demonstrate conscious choices made regarding structure and techniques in the construction of their texts in order to represent conflicting perspectives exploring ideas on racial prejudice and hatred and cultural contrasts and thus engage the audience. Composers can examine racial/religious prejudice brought on by war by using form specific techniques to present conflicting perspectives on the same event, designed to incite certain audience responses. Guterson, in Snow, purposely presents conflicting perspectives between Arthur Chambers and Hatsue and other members of the white community on San Piedro, particularly Etta Heine, in order to draw sympathy for the treatment of the Japanese after Pearl Harbour is bombed. Arthur is empathetic towards them, saying in his local paper the San Piedro Review, â€Å"†¦ those of Japanese descent on this island are not responsible for the tragedy at Pearl Harbour. Make no mistake about it.† The high modality language and short, direct sentences used by Guterson highlights Arthur’s deeply-held opinion of the innocence of the Japanese on the island. In support of Arthur’s argument, Hatsue, through the narrative’s non-linear structure, recalls her pain and confusion at the treatment of her people, saying, â€Å"It just isn’t fair – it’s not fair. How could they do this to us, just like that?† The emotive appeal in addition to Arthur’s article triggers audience support of the Japanese community. Guterson, however, also presents the contrasting racial hatred of the white islanders towards the Japanese. Etta Heine justifies the deportation of the Japanese with blunt, monosyllabic sentences – â€Å"They’re Japs†¦ We’re in a war with them. We can’t have spies around.† The use of the derogative term â€Å"Japs† and the distinct differentiation between â€Å"them†, the Japanese, and â€Å"we†, the white people, illustrates her bigoted hatred of the Japanese. Through the conflicting perspectives of Etta against Arthur and Hatsue, Guterson sways the audience to feel for the ill treatment of the Japanese, and shows them his own opinion on the negative effect of racism in wartime on the perceptions and conduct towards certain groups. Conflicting perspectives are established by Bean in Believer between Daniel, a neo-Nazi who is paradoxically a Jew himself, and a number of Holocaust survivors pertaining to the strength of their actions during WWII which aims to convey a pro-Jewish sentiment to audiences. At a sensitivity training session, Danny is enraged at a Jewish man’s lack of action while watching his son being murdered by a Nazi during the Holocaust. Rapidly cutting over-the-shoulder shots between Danny and the Jews indicate their opposing views. A close-up of Danny when he is asked by the Jews what he would have done in the situation shows his contempt and incredulous disbelief of the Jews’ weakness as he replies â€Å"Not what he did. Just stand there and watch?† Bean immediately employs a close-up reaction shot of the female Jew who rebuts with, â€Å"How do you know? You’ve never been tested like he has. Here in his rich, safe, stupid country it is so easy to imagine oneself a hero.† The personal address through 2nd person and the accumulation of adjectives to build a negative image of America strongly opposes Danny’s prejudiced conviction that Jews are pathetic, and also appeals to audiences the idea that religious prejudice towards Jews is unjustified. As Guterson does in Snow, conflicting perspectives are represented by Bean in order to sway his audience to respond negatively to unfounded sentiments of prejudice. Conflicting perspectives between characters can be used by composers to control the way in which an audience perceives them by exploring the cultural clashes that exist in the text as a reflection of societal (or social?) behaviour. In Snow, Guterson presents conflicting perspectives between Kabuo and the jury during his murder trial. In the opening chapter, a vivid description of Kabuo’s posture and expression is given from the jury’s perspective; he is shown as â€Å"proudly upright†¦ rigid†¦ detached.† This initial portrait portrait of Kabuo makes him suspicious not only to the jury but also to the audience, as Hatsue tells Kabuo using a simile that he â€Å"looks like one of Tojo’s soldiers.† However, Guterson, through the novel’s non-linear structure, refutes this perspective by explaining Kabuo’s behaviour to the audience via a flashback. Through his father’s teachings that â€Å"the greater the composure, the more revealed one was†, the audience learns the reason behind Kabuo’s unemotional stance. Third person omniscient allows the audience to sympathise with Kabuo’s emotive explanation that â€Å"he sat upright in the hope that his desperate composure might reflect the shape of his soul.† Guterson, through conflicting perspectives, influences his audience to understand Kabuo and the impact of contrasting cultural values on the perception of an individual. In Believer, Bean likewise shows contrasting opinions between Danny, who cannot fully repress his secret Jewish identity, and his anti-Semitic ‘skinhead’ friends to create audience sympathy for Danny’s inner struggles with the opposing aspects of his identity. When Danny and his friends break into a synagogue, Daniel shows a surprising respect for his religion which clashes with those of the other neo-Nazis. This directly conflicts with Danny’s character established at the film’s opening, when he violently beats up a Jew for no apparent reason. Wearing a brown shirt symbolising the Nazi SA (brown-shirts), Danny’s dark costuming contrasts with the light coloured one of his Jewish victim, highlighting the evil in his nature. Bean, however, challenges the audience’s view of Danny in order to allow them to understand his conflicting identities. In one frame, Danny is in the foreground walking down an aisle, which is juxtaposed with the othe r Nazis vandalising the synagogue. Their loud, raucous whooping contrasts to that of Danny’s respectful silence, highlighting their different treatments of the Jewish culture. When one of the Nazis tears up a Torah, a sacred Jewish text, after much opposition from Danny, a reaction shot of him shows sadness and pain accompanied by melancholy music, underlining Danny’s unspoken deference for Judaism. Bean’s portrayal of conflicting perspectives on Jewish culture incites the audience to respond more sympathetically towards Danny, and to understand that his veneer is a product of cultural differences in his society. The composers in Snow and Believer have effectively utilised techniques within their medium to represent conflicting perspectives about racial or religious prejudice and cultural differences in order to provoke certain audience responses to the characters, events or situations in their story. This includes reactions of sympathy for a certain perspective or disbelief and even dislike of opposing perspectives. In this way, the composers connect to the audience and generate meaning within their texts. In Snow, Hatsue is confined by the traditions of her culture, as shown when her mother Fujiko says to her â€Å"don’t allow living among the hakujin to become living intertwined with them. Your soul will decay†¦ rot and go sour.† The change in language to refer to the Americans as hakujin and the emotive metaphor of Hatsue’s breakdown of purity highlights Fujiko’s dislike of American culture. This